What role did popular music play in the American civil rights movement Essay

What role did popular music play in the American civil rights movement Your answer should include at least two case studies which connect musicians to particular historical events of the 1950s or 1960s - Essay Example It will be vital to mention that the Civil Rights Movement, which took place during the time of 1960’s, was more closely related to music as compared to other American based social movements held in the stated period. In this similar context, it can be apparently observed that certain prisoners sung freedom songs for keeping up their spirits in gaining national freedom. Apart from this, various folksingers, including blacks as well as whites, wrote songs about various themes related to the Civil Rights Movement. These themes were ascertained to be pains, paradoxes and racist activities among others. Thus, with this concern, it can be affirmed that the connection of music with the Civil Rights Movement is much apparent during the episode of 1960’s (RRAS, n.d.). In relation to the above context, the essay intends to discuss and analyse the role that popular music played in the American Civil Rights Movement. In the circumstance of explaining the role played by popular music in the American Civil Rights Movement, certain popular music genres in the period of 1960’s were found to exist. In this similar context, the popular music genres that persisted during the period of 1960’s were Acapella, Motown/R&B, British Invasion, Roots Rock and Hard Rock, Folk Rock and Protest Music and Surf Rock and Psychedelic Rock. The popular music genre of British Invasion comprised certain pop artists as well as rock brands belonging to Britain that presented certain American pop and rock songs. Such artists were reckoned as The Beatles, Donovan, The Animals, The Kinks and Dusty Springfield among others. Specially mentioning, Motown/R&B acted as one of the most popular music genres, which had importance in the Civil Rights Movement. The importance of this particular popular music genre could be determined based on the efforts made by the same in integrating American community during the

The future of the US Dollar Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The future of the US Dollar - Case Study Example Since the start of the crisis, economists argued that its impacts have damaged the dollar’s status across the globe. Following the crisis, there has been a lot of negative talk about the dollar. Additionally, conflicting views regarding the path of dollar have emerged. Though a considerable number of nations are still using the dollar as their exchange-rate anchor, there are arguments that the U.S. dollar might lose its position as the main reserve currency (â€Å"General Assessment of the Macroeconomic Situation†Ã‚  2009). Investors went ahead and revisited their currency reserve investment. This was due to the downward trend of the dollar in comparison with other currencies. Therefore, the dollar has been experiencing great pressure from major investors mainly due to the inflations that have occurred since the dollar became the world’s reserve currency. This paper is a critique of Warnock’s article Global Asset Allocation: Whither the U.S. Dollar? The pa per will analyze the authors’ perspective on the U.S. dollar, describe three of the most powerful arguments towards a stronger/weaker dollar, and give my opinion regarding the authors’ prospects for a stronger U.S. dollar. 1) Critique of the author’s perspective on the U.S. ... Warnock (2010) argues that though foreign central banks might start diversifying away from the dollar, this does not mean that the dollar is losing its position. This is an indication of overconfidence, given that the dollar is increasingly becoming less popular across the globe. Additionally, there has been worrying increase in inflations, which depict that the major economies will intervene. An intervention would mean possible replacement of the dollar with another currency (Chandler, 2009). a) Describe three of the most powerful arguments towards a stronger/weaker dollar.   There are several arguments towards a weaker dollar. Warnock (2010) argues that U.S. dollar is not in any danger of being displaced as the world’s reserve currency. They claim that the U.S. treasury bonds continue being the cordial and liquid fixed income market globally. This thus continues to enhance the demand for the dollar. The authors give an example of continued success of the dollar performance in the fall of 2008 when most currencies and assets decimated (â€Å"The Euro as an Anchor Currency and Core of a Currency Bloc,† 2012) The next argument is that the U.S economy remains the most competitive economy in the world. Although most critics argue that the U.S economy is still facing decline in domestic production, Warnock argues that U.S. is still the world greatest manufacturer. He refutes claims that China’s economy is outdoing the U.S economy (Warnock, 2010). The other argument is that the U.S trade deficit has been exaggerated. According to Warnock (2010), much of the trade deficit is because of overseas movement of goods and services which has happened within U.S. companies. The exchange is between U.S based

Factors Influencing Buyer Behaviour in Events

Factors Influencing Buyer Behaviour in Events Event Stakeholder Behaviour Contents (Jump to) Introduction The Context Stakeholder Behaviour Conclusion Bibliography Introduction Wilson (2000) stated that he believes the factors determining buyer behaviour is a proposition that is extremely difficult in that the processes are both complex as well as difficult to understand as a result of the many external influences at work acting upon and affecting the decisions. The purpose of buyer behavioral models is to aid marketers in mapping out the factors and influences that could affect the outcome, and then weighing those factors to assist in the decisions that will result in their favor. Identifying the buying behaviour patterns of both the attendee and the sponsor in the sports sector of the events industry entails considering that such is taking place within a semi controlled environment which in effect aids the sponsor as there are less outside competing influences vying for the attendees attention even though the atmosphere is charged with intense mental and other stimuli. The relationship involved in the setting indicated, sports sector of the events industry, means that the sponsor represents the marketer seeking to influence the outcome with reference to the attendee, to have him or her try, purchase, or consider their offering. In this context, the sponsor is seeking multiple outcomes representing a past, now and future connotation in that the preceding represent either changing an attendees preconceived notions or ideas of his offering, this represents past influences, having the attendee purchase or try the product within the setting at the event, and influ encing the attendee to re-consider their ideas on his offering that could result in trial, consideration, inquiry, trial or purchase after leaving the event. These preceding multiple objectives are valid approaches in that a singular approach, seeking ‘now’ results, overlooks and ignores the other equally important factors that are present in any gathering of distinctly different individuals of varied age groups, experiences, backgrounds and demographics. The opinions expressed by Engel et al (1968) suggest that an advertiser or sponsor should be mindful not to overstate nor understand the attributes, features or other aspects of their offering as this might result in a negative perception when real world circumstances such as actual usage or trail occur. Dubois (2000) reminds us that theorists such as Sigmund Freud have attempted to analyze what might influence individuals studying the psyche as well as subconscious motivations as their means of doing so. The implications of planning for such an event means that sponsors must consider a number of differing and unique aspects in consideration of the circumstantial context in the planning of marketing activities. The Context Buyer behaviour differs from consumer behaviour in that the former is the domain of business and marketing professionals seeking to understand this phenomenon (Schiffman et al, 2000). The Sheth et al (1969) model, which consists of multi variables, attempts to inculcate knowledge concerning a consumer’s purchase along with their behaviour, through the utilization of a transformation process. In this model it shows the stages concerning influences that affect the behaviour process (Sheth et al, 1969): The ‘Significative’ Stage The ‘Symbolic’ Stage, and The ‘Social’ Stage Contained within the preceding stages ‘reference groups’ are mentioned, which Bearden et al (1982) describe as â€Å"†¦ a person or group of people that significantly influences†¦Ã¢â‚¬  the behaviour of an individual. The three types of reference groups described by Bearden et al (1982) are: Information Influences: This type of group seeks out the information by which to make a decision that is reliable. Utilitarian Influences: This group seeks to want to appear like others within the group to either avoid punishments and/or to receive certain benefits. Value-expressive Influences: In this reference group the influenced party accepts the positions and or perceptions of others as a result of the need to belong. The preceding contextual ramifications are factors which need to be considered by sponsors in their more active role in the process as they represent influences upon the attendee. It should be noted that the Sheth et al (1969) model does not predict purchase behaviour; it simply lays out the influences that might affect behaviour that can then be utilized as a frame of reference. The model explains how influence and inputs are evaluated as well as utilized by the buyer as a result of perceptual and learning constructs (Sheth et al, 1969), and then goes on to identify the eventual outcomes and outputs of the process. Marketers utilize buyer behaviour, models, to aid them in arriving at assumptions. The preceding helps them to analyze, understand, evaluate, criticize and monitor a specific market and or product. Chisnal (1994) indicates that there are the following uses for models: That they aid in mapping out the various characteristics that might affect the eventual purchase of an offering in a manner that is more simplified. And that they result in marketing strategies that are more effective as they are developed as a result of outcomes that are likely as predicted from the model. Additionally, Chisnall (1994) indicates that a well-structured and effective model will be: Relevant: In that the model(s) must be applicable to marketing situations that are real. Comprehensible In this instance the models need to be both well constructed as well as clear. Valid This type of model is verifiable in terms of occurrences in the real world. The utilization of multi-variable models refer to the attendee, sponsor aspects as being examined herein as the factors, circumstances and influences acting within and without are more complex as well as include multiple relationships and aspects from behavioral sciences. Said models are more representative concerning the actual characteristics regarding buyer behaviour, however they are not easily analyzed. Inherent in this equation is the consideration of temporal constraints. The situation that considers the buyer behaviour in the sports sector of the events industry that is time dependent. Said events have a time period correlation which represents the length said event shall take place. Fraisse (1963) pointed out that individuals are usually influenced by conditions of situation in making judgments about time. The preceding is important in helping to mold buyer behavior in that studies conducted regarding the influence of varied mood states has shown that it has a factor in the way they estimate the duration of an event as well as their temporal orientation (Hornik, 1981). The further implications of the foregoing presents the opportunity for sponsors to introduce an additional element into the equation to aid in increasing the net effect of their efforts, as well as the other input variables. As all of these factors have differing effects with respect to their input on buyer behavi or, common sense dictates that the utilization of as many non-conflicting elements as possible will thus skew the potential outcome more in one’s favor. Thus, understanding the need to induce a positive and uplifting mood as a factor in buyer behaviour inducement represents an opportunity to increase the net effect of the message, action, influence or course one desires or seeks to obtain as a result. Hornik’s (1981) studies suggested that individuals in a positive mood will more than likely be disposed to be future oriented, whereas individuals in a negative mood will have an orientation more geared to the present, or now. This explains the utilization of bright lights, colors, theme music and a festive atmosphere as important variables. The preceding is the general overall mood present in events conducted in the sports sector as they are seen or perceived as recreational or entertaining, thus striking or establishing a pre-conceived mood expectation that needs to be amplified or at least rise to those expectations in order to maintain the positive future orientation factor. The second time-based research that enters into consideration is called ‘intertemporal choice.’ (Hornik’s, 1984) Hornik (1984) continued his work on temporal studies in another work in this area brought out the fact that in such, intertemoral choice, decisions concerning buying behaviour entail the consideration of costs and benefits that are spread over time. Utilization of presentation, message delivery and the non-complexity of information are important variables to be attended to as part of the planning of marketing activities. Stakeholder Behaviour With the conditional boundaries being understood as occurring in the sports sector of the events industry, the analysis contains a number of constraints which can be adjusted to work in favor of the sponsor, but which work upon the attendee. The proper event, based upon its demographic and other component factors, represents an opportunity for a particular business or corporation to have a forum to reach segments of their demographic profile on a more personal and controlled basis. The event entails a participatory structure whereby the attendee either elects to make an appearance, or is expected to do so by his peers, or other considerations. As the first option is the overwhelming choice, due to the voluntary nature, said attendees are more than likely to be in an anticipatory mode with the expectation of an enjoyable time. With this as the foundational mood sponsors should be more disposed to buying into the circumstances as a platform to reach attendees, who conversely are likely to be in a more receptive mood to influences as a result of the festive occasion, in general. Chisnall (1994) refers to the foregoing, on the part of the attendee, as the importance of social considerations in consumer behaviour. Palmer (1998) as well as Chisnall (1994) refer to the importance of establishing and building customer loyalty as variables in the buying process. The foregoing applicability with respect to sponsors in event marketing is a factor of the manner in which the event is conducted, organized and the interest factor inherent within the event and sporting connection. The loyalty of the attendee can be enhanced by his perception that the sponsor or advertiser support the activity, thus tend to be viewed positively. Today’s general public is aware of corporate participation and support as a result of p ronouncements in the media, as well as comparison with other activities. This awareness represents the opportunity to establish a foundation of loyalty perception that is beneficial. The importance of the social setting is a further positive aspect which influences and impacts upon buyer behaviour, as well as the group associations (Rice, 1997). The relatively ‘captive’ nature of event marketing has its appeal in reaching a defined number of individuals within a context and setting that is conductive to buying behavior as well as one which the marketer has considerable control, and influence, relative to the other participants. Sherif et al (1961) refer to the preceding as involvement as described below: High involvement products set up the parameters for a positive balance in the relationship between the performance outcome and the expectation level(s) Low Involvement products set up or result in a negative relationship correlation between performance and expectations. The preceding implication is that active participation and a level of balanced and believable performance sets the foundation for trust and thus a positive relationship. There is effort on the part of the sponsor to be there through selling means, thus setting up an important component of buyer recognition, and thus influence. Passive advertising or promotional forms entail magazine or print utilizations and thus are not participatory. The distinction is that a specific occurrence, or event, entails the participation of active as well as passive individuals, with the advantage going to the active participants influencing the passive. The attendees represent the passive element and thus the climate for buyer behavior is enhanced as it brings together both elements under conditions that foster more intense involvement and interaction. Conclusion Buying behaviour is a condition that can either be amplified or left at its relative levels based upon the everyday forces, influences and circumstances of and behavioral group. This includes attendees as well as sponsors. The common glue that binds the aforementioned is the relationship between the two parties. They represent passive and active modes, and these forces are consistently present as a condition of life. We are either being influenced, or influencing. The levels and amount of individuals thus affected, is a determinant of the degree of organization as well as purpose and offering. Thus, underwriting events within the sporting sector represents an optimum opportunity to be associated with a captive audience that is coming together for a festive occasion, be this a baseball, football, soccer or basketball game or other competitive endeavor. Such an occasion represents a situation whereby a sponsor’s interest in such an event is heightened as a result of it providing more buying behavioral factors to be brought to bear. This thus creates buying behavior difference on the part of the attendee. Increased buyer behavioral patterns are also present on the attendee side as a result of the same elemental input factors that influence such an event, as described by (Sheth et al, 1969), Bearden et al (1982), and Chisnal (1994) in their mention of ‘significance, symbolic and social stages†, along with influences of an ‘ informational, utilitarian or value-expressive nature, and the mapping out the ‘characteristics useful in developing marketing strategies’, respectively. Bibliography Bearden, W., Etzel, M. J. 1982. Reference Group Influence on Product and Brand Purchase Decisions. Vol. 14, Issue 9, p-184, 09/1982. Journal of Consumer Research Chisnall. Peter. 1994. Consumer Behaviour. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, New York. ISBN: 0077076168 Dubois, B. 2000. Understanding the Consumer: A European Perspective. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, the United States. ISBN: 0136163688 Engle, J.F., Kollat, D.T., Blackwell, R.D. 1968. Consumer Behavior. Holt, Rinehart Winston, New York, New York, United States Hornik, Jacob. 1984. Subjective vs. Objective Time Measures: A Note on the Perception of Time in Consumer Behavior. 06/1984, Vol. 11, pp 615-618. Journal of Consumer Research Hornik, Jacob. 1981. Time Cue and Time Perception Effect on Response to Mail Surveys. 05, 1981, Vol. 18, pp 243-249. Journal of Marketing Research Palmer, Adrian. 1998. Principles of Services Marketing. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, United States. ISBN: 0077097483 Rice, Chris. 1997. Understanding Customers. Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN: 0750623225 Schiffman, L., Kanuk, L. 2000. Consumer Behavior. Prentice Hall, London, The United Kingdom Sheth, J.N., Howard, J.A.. 1069. The Theory of Buyer Behavior. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, United States Sherif, M., Hovland, C. 1961. Social Judgment: Assimilation and Contrast Effects in Communication and Attitude Change. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn. United States Wilson, D.F. 2000. Why divide consumer and organizational buyer behaviour?. Vol. 34, Issue 7, pp 780-796. European Journal of Marketing

Interest to be in a nursing profession

Nursing is a unique profession that is vital worldwide. I moved to Australia for a better life and career after having worked as a Registered Nurse in overseas for six years. I had completed studying Diploma of Nursing for three years which included theory and hospital trained nursing. To be registered, as a nurse in Australia Nurses and Midwives Board requires assessing the qualifications of international nurses to ensure that nurses are substantially equivalent to Board approved Australian Nursing qualification. Being supported by my husband and relatives, motivated me to commence my University study and to upgrade my qualification.I would like to make a positive difference in peoples' lives. I have always desired a career that involved personal contact and that's what nursing gives me. It is an opportunity for me to use caring in a holistic manner. As a university student, lots of self-study is required. One challenge will be assignment and a presentation, especially as English is my second language. One of the major challenges during my university study will be the financial problem, such as tuition fees, expenses and textbooks. A further challenge may be having several assignments and readings being due close to one another.One of the economic problems is time management as a university student. Time management involves doing the right thing at the right time. Managing time effortlessly can make the difference between a successful student and one who Is defeated by stress. So, time management and balance is significant within my life. To Improve on time management, creating a timetable, study plan will keep me on track In managing my studies. The overall workload of my course material is least likely to be under my control however, my time management and economic management are factors that I can directly Influence.

HR Training Class

Organizations are continuously seeking to improve quality in which there is more focus on their customer service and relations. In most organizations the customer service skills contribute to the success of the organization. Individuals with good people skills are the foundation to excellent customer service. The skills associated with good customer service are problem solving, team work, leadership selection is not an effective way to improve productivity in situations where only a few applicants compete for a large number of openings, or a business involves only easily learned tasks (Brown, 1996).Employees have many options to improving their performance In the event an organization encounters these situations, selection techniques would not be used but training would be used. In any organization, when employees have interactions with customers it represents the organization. The perception held by the customers experience will influence how they will perceive the organization and its products. When determining the training needs of organizations employees and filling positions are important factors in the HR management processes.Having the right number of people with the right training in the right jobs to meet its sales goals for the new product is essential in a viable organization (Kusluvan, 2003). A job analysis needs to be completed to know the skills needed for each position. The job description will lay out the skills and abilities of an individual needed to fill a job will come from the job analysis. The needs assessment role is to give answers to such commonly asked questions such as the when, who, and why.Conducting needs assessment protects the assets of an organization and facilitates conservation and proper utilization of resources set aside for training. A needs assessment helps to know whether training is the ideal solution to a performance deficiency (Barbazette, 2006). If training does not help resolve a deficiency in skills and knowledge, t here would be no need for the training. Organizations should know the reason training to avoid wasting resources in training materials. Needs Assessment PurposeAltschuld and White (2010) point out training needs assessment serves several multiple purposes only if proper implementation takes place. The needs of the organization is the most important when it comes to the training offered. Serving the business needs with training adds value only when it is  needed. Lastly, it will help correct the issues that the clients may present. The clients know what they want but do not know the way to correct issues concerning human performance. A needs assessment can communicate distinctive information given by the client, also give other reason on the clients original feeling.The other reason for the assessment is to match up with the employee’s performance needs ultimately meeting the needs of the organization. A major role of the assessment is to gather the information that will bac k the design of the training, which best fits the needs of the employee’s job description. Also, it results in recommendations regarding non-training issues that are affecting the achievement of the desired organization and employee performance goals (Barbazette, 2006). It is equally as important for the individual assessor to know the issues and give suggestions as to how these issues could be addressed. In addition, training needs assessment helps protect the continuance of the training functions in an organization.During hard times the risk will not be so high if the training provided adds value to the organization. In the process of a needs assessment one should consider the needs of the business, employee performance, and individual learning. The evaluation methods consist of different factors such as organization needs, learner reaction, job performances and learning. The goal in training is to be able to identify positive changes in each of the four needs assessment pr e-measures when post-measured during evaluation (Lenan & Bailey, 2006). The evaluation measurement can cause the organization to begin a new needs assessment. A needs assessment uncovers the existing performance deficiencies. The assessment will address the following questions: Need of training?Organizations need to compare the deficiency to the business needs and confirm that the positive outcome of training employees outweighs the problems inherent in performance deficiency (Tobey, 2005). In order to answer this question, one will have to complete an alternative analysis along with a feasibility analysis. Individual training?Individuals that can provide a solution to the deficiency should be involved in the training. The targeted population should be analyzed to acquire the knowledge of their deficiency. The analysis will also help design the  training program needed and that would be of interest. Unstable Performance ResolvedThe best way to solve performance issues is by offeri ng training or if training is not feasible offer was to solve the issues. A performance analysis will identify the deficiency of skills; this can be solved by training. Best Performance Ways?To achieve the best results there is a better way to accomplish the task. Job performance standards such as Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) should be set by the organization (Tobey, 1987). Government regulations should also be considered when completing the task in a required manner. Conduct task analysis to identify the best way to perform. Training Timing?Organizations have to consider the best time to complete the training due to the holiday schedules and business cycles will impact the employee attendance.Improvement of the organizations performance is done through the performance and commitment of the employees as well as training. Training will aid employees in their current roles and help develop them for possible future added responsibilities. Some of the purposes of training are to update employee skills, preparation for promotion, and success in management while satisfying the employee needs. Some organizations provide apprentice training.The implementation of a training program being successful depends on more than the organizations ability to identify the needs. The success depends on the ability to obtain information to design a training program to fit the need. Some experts think that the design of the training programs should be focused on objectives of the instructional training’s willingness of employees, instructor’s characteristics and principles of learning. There are many methods of training employees, these methods consist of presentations, role play, on the job training, case study, online web base seminars and simulations.The method of training chosen is online web- based training because it is very convenient to use. If ones company is not  already using it, then there should be plans to implement online training as a part of th e overall plan for education. Web-based training has several advantages. †¢Provides employees access to training materials twenty four hours a day so, they can learn and complete on their own schedule †¢Management can track employees progress†¢Expenses are cut due to not having to provide instructors, venue or materials †¢It enables staff members from various geographical settings to take the training at their convenience without the time or expense of traveling. Since the introduction of the internet, organizations now have virtual online training. This is a way that the company can offer training on various subjects in an online environment. Some organizations offer certificate programs for the completion of the courses employees complete. Ways to motivate employeesThe most indisputable way to motivate employees into attending a training session is to make it a requirement to attend training on scheduled work hours. There are ways to motivate employees that are not interested in attending training sessions are as follows (Tobey, 2005; Rossett, 1987).Provide incentivesThe most common incentives for employees to attend training will include opportunities for promotion, college credits, certificates and monetary compensation. Relate the training to an employee’s immediate jobEmployees are more willing to attend training when the material covered will be directly related to their immediate job performance. Employees would be more motivated to attend a training session on a computer program that the organization will be using in two months than a training session on â€Å"Future Trends on Office Automation† (Rosset, 1987). Therefore, training should be provided before the implementation of the product instead of with the thought of we may use it. Make the training interestingEmployees are more interested and willing to go to training if the session are interesting and they gain useful information associated with their position. I ncrease employee buy-in in the trainingIf the employee has a say in the information covered and the type of training given they will be more likely to attend these sessions. Provide the food.The organization provides lunch during the training session for the employees as the presentation is carried out. This would be the highest possibility that the employees would attend this training. Reduce the stress of attending the trainingOften times, employees are willing to attend training but their schedule constraints keep them from taking the time away from their schedules. The organization can assist employees with attending training by reducing their workload or giving assistance with workload. Customer feedback is significant to respond to customer needs and issues to ensure satisfaction of the Company’s products and services (Brown, 1996). Feedback in training is important in helping make improvements for future training sessions. Sample of survey used to collect feedback.1. O verall how would you rate the training class? ExcellentGoodFairPoor*2. Please rate the following aspects of the training classExcellentGoodFairPoorn/a Did your trainer actively ask questionsDid your trainer have a professional demeanorPlease rate the qualifications of the instructor3. Based on your experience at this training class, how likely are you to attend future training class with this instructor? Very likelySomewhat likelyNot likely4. What did you learn from the training?ExcellentGoodFairPoorn/a5. What do you think about the quality of training?ExcellentGoodFairPoorn/a6. Were the training materials enough?7.Suggest other methods of training8.What did you learn from the training?In conclusion, all organizations should place training employees on customer service at the top of their priorities. Customers will continue to come back when they receive good service and back service will drive customers away. Therefore all organizations need to continue to enhance the customer serv ice skills of their employees through customer service training.

Graffiti As A Form Of Art Essay - 1829 Words

A city filled with only clean walls might be attractive to some people, especially of those who are in the upper class group. To those that do not belong in the mentioned group, they desire to rebel against that kind of system - a system where money matters the most. This could explain why graffiti is popular with those who oppose gentrification. Graffiti serves as a form of art that gives those who are unheard of a voice in their community. Art can be defined depending on a person’s interpretation of it. However, according to the Merriam-Webster, art is â€Å"the conscious use of skill and creative imagination especially in the production of aesthetic objects† (â€Å"Art†). There are no specific requirements for something to be considered as art, but art should make a person feel some type of emotion. Graffiti makes people feel represented because it gives them a voice. Graffiti also makes the authority figures angry because of the way it is produced. Th erefore, graffiti should be recognized more as a respected form of art and not as vandalism because it represents a group of people due to the message and purpose that it has. â€Å"Graffiti as markings on public or private property, without permission, has a long history† (Whitehead 26). Its illegality has always been a major aspect of its art for. It was found on the wall of ancient cities such as Pompeii, which includes â€Å"examples of everyday Latin, insults, magic, and love declarations† (26). Graffiti started all the wayShow MoreRelatedGraffiti Is A Form Of Art1019 Words   |  5 Pages93 01 December 2016 Graffiti is Art Graffiti is a form of art well known in the street art. There are many forms of arts like drawing, painting, sculpture, or graffiti. Graffiti is an art used for the community to send messages as well as representing for community identity and pride through Graffiti artwork. In the book â€Å"Read Write Connect† by Kathleen Green Amy Lawler, chapter 22 Public Art talks about what graffiti art, vandalism art is, the differences between graffiti artwork and vandalismRead MoreGraffiti As A Form Of Art Essay1137 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Art is an evolutionary act. The shape of art and its role in society is constantly changing. At no point is art static. There are no rules† (Raymond Harmon). In 1966 a man named Cornbread was the first known person to ever create a piece of art called graffiti and tagging it. Later, people started tagging subways, and everyone wanted to have their own unique tag. So, they started to become creative and become different from each other. Now it has evolved over several years and become something beautifulRead MoreGraffiti As A Modern Form Of Art888 Words   |  4 PagesArt has been a highly valued way of expressing oneself in any culture. 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Testing of the Prototype Model of the Proposed End Effector Design - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4630 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Chapter Seven Testing of the Prototype Model of the Proposed End Effector Design 7.1 Introduction The performance of the proposed Dolly Baseboard assembly operation needs to be monitored and analyzed in order to minimize failure. As baseboard and dolly are supplied from different mould cavity in Clipsal, it is important to know the parameters such as the mould cavity number where the parts are made from or inserting speed, that might affect the consistence and cycle time of the assembly process, and to be able to vary or discard them so as to achieve the desired performance of the assembly process. The approach used in this project is an experimental technique known as Design of Experiment (DOE). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Testing of the Prototype Model of the Proposed End Effector Design" essay for you Create order DeVor, Tsong John (1992) has defined DOE as a statistical tool used in quality design and improvement. The purpose of DOE is to experiment with various combinations of parameters for the purpose of identifying the particular combinations that optimize certain design criteria or performance measures. 7.2 Mathematical representation of DOE In DOE, only the final outcomes obtained by a combination of different variables are of interest. This outcome is usually known as response, which is the performance of the dolly baseboard assembly process in this project. DeVor, Tsong John (1992) states that the response can be represented mathematically by the equation as illustrated in equation 7.1. Assuming that a system involving a mean response that is dependent on input variables x1, x2, . . . , xn. Then could be expressed as This mean that the mean response can be expressed as function with independent variables x1, x2, . . . , xn and a set of parameters 1, 2, . . . , k. The data collected during the experiment are represented by the equation as illustrated in equation 7.2. 7.2.1 Classification of variables by transfer function model The performance of a system can be described by a transfer function model as shown in 7.1. The transfer function illustrates the relationship between the inputs, defined control factors and the output of the process in the presence of noise. According to Taguchis Methods, the factors that can affect the output performance or quality can be classified into mainly four categories which are shown in Table 7.1. Table 7.1 Types of factors in an experiment S/No. Types of Factors Description 1. Signal factors These are factors that may be adjusted by user to attain target performance. 2. Control factors These are the process parameters whose values can be determined during design process. 3. Noise factors They are uncontrollable factors or controllable factors that do not want to control for the purpose of an experiment. 4. Scaling/Leveling factors Special case of control factors that may be easily adjusted to achieve a desired functional relationship between a signal factor and output response. (Source: DeVor, Tsong John, 1992) 7.3 Factors selection in the Dolly Baseboard assembly process One of the most important steps in designing an experiment for Dolly Baseboard assembly process is to select the appropriate factors to study. Basically, there are two groups of factors: The first is the experimental or input factors, those that can be manipulating and are also called the independent variables. The second is the response factors that are measured and are also called the dependent variables. 7.3.1 Input factors and their levels According to Pareto principle, there should be hundreds of factors to choose from, but only a vital few that really make significant changes to the response. It is crucial to identify these input variables and decide on their importance on the quality of output. The input factors and their levels that will have real effects on the performance of the assembly process are presented in Table 7.2. Table 7.2 Type of the input factors used in DOE S/No. Input Factors Description A Baseboard geometry with (Four Levels) Baseboard and dolly are made from different type of injection moulding machines in Clipsal, any geometrical variation might affect the performance of the assembly process, for example; if the geometry of dolly tends to be smaller and baseboard tends to be bigger, the assembly process will become harder. The dolly and baseboard can be selected from four different type of mould cavity to be used in DOE B Dolly geometry with (Four Levels) C Assembling speed with (Three Levels) This is the speed where dolly and baseboard are assembled together. The selection of this speed affects not only the performance of the assembly process, but also the assembly cycle time The setting of these three different speeds can be achieved using teach pendent of jointed-armed robot 7.3.2 Response factor It is also known as output factor, in this case, is to measure the performance of the assembly process. Taguchi mentioned that when selecting the response factors for their practicality, they should be hard, variable-scale factors (1-10) where possible. Thus, factors such as volts, shrinkage, size, and defect count make good response factors. The percent yield is an example of a poor response variable as it does not tell the quality of the rejected material. In this DOE, the performance of the assembly process is measured on a (0 to 2 variable-scale) factor which is explained as below: 0 It indicates poor assembly process; no dollies are assembled to baseboard. 1 It indicates fair assembly process; only one dolly is assembled to baseboard. 2 It indicates excellent assembly process; two dollies are assembled to baseboard 7.4 Design of three factors full factorial experiments The experimental design required is a fixed effect model of three factor full factorial designs. DeVor, Tsong John (1992) defined fixed effect model of factorial design as the levels specifically chosen by the experimenter. In hypothesis testing about level means, the conclusions will apply only to the factor level considered in the analysis. The three variables used in the experiment are assembling speed, baseboard and dolly geometry. The level condition of these variables is listed in Table 7.3 and it is noted that the levels of the assembling speed is in ascending order but not for the dolly and baseboard geometry which cannot be controlled that they might be the same or randomly different throughout the experiment. However, this is not important as it will not affect the final conclusion of the experiment. In order to adopt a standard notation, the variables are coded as A, B, and C with level coded as a, b and c and the possible test conditions will be 4 x 4 x 3 = 48. These are illustrated in Table 7.4. Table 7.3 Variable setting to determine the performance of assembly process Variables Unit Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Baseboard geometry (A) Cavity no.7 Cavity no.8 Cavity no.9 Cavity no.10 Dolly geometry (B) Cavity no.2 Cavity no.3 Cavity no.4 Cavity no.5 Assembling speed (C) mm/s 5 (Slow) 10 (Medium) 15 (Fast) Table 7.4 Coded and actual test conditions in standard order Coded Test Conditions Actual Test Conditions Test no. A B C Baseboard Geometry Dolly Geometry Assembling Speed (mm/s) 1 a1 b1 c1 Cavity no. 7 Cavity no. 2 5 2 a2 b1 c1 Cavity no. 8 Cavity no. 2 5 3 a3 b1 c1 Cavity no. 9 Cavity no. 2 5 4 a4 b1 c1 Cavity no. 10 Cavity no. 2 5 5 a1 b2 c1 Cavity no. 7 Cavity no. 3 5 6 a2 b2 c1 Cavity no. 8 Cavity no. 3 5 7 a3 b2 c1 Cavity no. 9 Cavity no. 3 5 8 a4 b2 c1 Cavity no. 10 Cavity no. 3 5 9 a1 b3 c1 Cavity no. 7 Cavity no. 4 5 10 a2 b3 c1 Cavity no. 8 Cavity no. 4 5 11 a3 b3 c1 Cavity no. 9 Cavity no. 4 5 12 a4 b3 c1 Cavity no. 10 Cavity no. 4 5 13 a1 b4 c1 Cavity no. 7 Cavity no. 5 5 14 a2 b4 c1 Cavity no. 8 Cavity no. 5 5 15 a3 b4 c1 Cavity no. 9 Cavity no. 5 5 16 a4 b4 c1 Cavity no. 10 Cavity no. 5 5 17 a1 b1 c2 Cavity no. 7 Cavity no. 2 10 18 a2 b1 c2 Cavity no. 8 Cavity no. 2 10 19 a3 b1 c2 Cavity no. 9 Cavity no. 2 10 20 a4 b1 c2 Cavity no. 10 Cavity no. 2 10 21 a1 b2 c2 Cavity no. 7 Cavity no. 3 10 22 a2 b2 c2 Cavity no. 8 Cavity no. 3 10 23 a3 b2 c2 Cavity no. 9 Cavity no. 3 10 24 a4 b2 c2 Cavity no. 10 Cavity no. 3 10 25 a1 b3 c2 Cavity no. 7 Cavity no. 4 10 26 a2 b3 c2 Cavity no. 8 Cavity no. 4 10 27 a3 b3 c2 Cavity no. 9 Cavity no. 4 10 28 a4 b3 c2 Cavity no. 10 Cavity no. 4 10 29 a1 b4 c2 Cavity no. 7 Cavity no. 5 10 30 a2 b4 c2 Cavity no. 8 Cavity no. 5 10 31 a3 b4 c2 Cavity no. 9 Cavity no. 5 10 32 a4 b4 c2 Cavity no. 10 Cavity no. 5 10 33 a1 b1 c3 Cavity no. 7 Cavity no. 2 15 34 a2 b1 c3 Cavity no. 8 Cavity no. 2 15 35 a3 b1 c3 Cavity no. 9 Cavity no. 2 15 36 a4 b1 c3 Cavity no. 10 Cavity no. 2 15 37 a1 b2 c3 Cavity no. 7 Cavity no. 3 15 38 a2 b2 c3 Cavity no. 8 Cavity no. 3 15 39 a3 b2 c3 Cavity no. 9 Cavity no. 3 15 40 a4 b2 c3 Cavity no. 10 Cavity no. 3 15 41 a1 b3 c3 Cavity no. 7 Cavity no. 4 15 42 a2 b3 c3 Cavity no. 8 Cavity no. 4 15 43 a3 b3 c3 Cavity no. 9 Cavity no. 4 15 44 a4 b3 c3 Cavity no. 10 Cavity no. 4 15 45 a1 b4 c3 Cavity no. 7 Cavity no. 5 15 46 a2 b4 c3 Cavity no. 8 Cavity no. 5 15 47 a3 b4 c3 Cavity no. 9 Cavity no. 5 15 48 a4 b4 c3 Cavity no. 10 Cavity no. 5 15 7.5 Method of data collection The data collection process begins by randomly selecting the test condition to be conducted. Each of the test condition is replicated 10 times and the mean average yijk is calculated. The total expected number of replicate is 48 x 10 = 480 and the estimated hours required is about 12 hours. In order to maximize the accuracy of the experiment, the test was accomplished in one full day and the same program was used throughout the entire testing, except for the three different assembling speeds mentioned earlier. Due to the insufficient parts supplied from Clipsal, dolly and baseboard must be used repeatedly. Finally, after counting all the available number of parts for the experiment, it was found that dolly and baseboard, which are made of plastics material, could be replaced with a new one in every 5 replications to avoid any inaccuracy to the final conclusion due to excessive bending. 7.2 shows the arranged baseboards and dollies that are ready for the test and a sample of the exper imental result is illustrated in 7.3. The experimental data for test 1 to 48 can be found in Appendix G. Before proceeding to the tests, it is important to make some assumptions to the experiment and they are discussed as below: a. The baseboard and fixture are secure enough to withstand the force exerted by the end effector during the assembly process. It means that their positions are fixed throughout the experiment. b. The area where baseboard is placed in the fixture, and dolly is attached to the end effector are dimensional controlled and should be constant throughout the experiment. It means that if baseboard and dolly geometry do not vary, they should be always at the same assembling position. c. The repeatability and accuracy of the motor in jointed-arm robot are kept to the minimum influence in this experiment d. During the assembly process, the areas where baseboard must be bended in order for dolly to be assembled will always resume to its original position within at least 5 replicate number of test. This means that their dimension will remain constant within 5 repetition of use. e. The geometry of baseboard and dolly made by the same mould cavity number is identical. If there is any geometrical variation, it should be small enough to have little effect in the final result. However, different mould cavity number might produce different part and this geometrical variation is allowed. Test No. Test Date Test venue Equipment used : 1 : 10 Sept 2004 : M-15a (UNISA) : Joint-arm robot Parameters settings Baseboard geometry Dolly geometry Assembling Speed : Cavity no. 7 : Cavity no. 2 : 5 mm/s Replicate no. Response Scale Factor(0-2) Replicate no. Response Scale Factor(0-2) 1 2.0 6 2.0 2 2.0 7 2.0 3 2.0 8 2.0 4 2.0 9 2.0 5 2.0 10 2.0 Mean Average, yijk = 2.0 7.6 Experimental results The graphs in 7.5 shows the results obtained from the 48 sets of experiment conducted. The graph for each test shows the average score for the 10 replicates of the assembly operation and it also indicates the consistency of the assembly process for each combination of the input factor. It can be seen that all test have a full score, except for test 2, 8, 10, 14, 20, 24, 34, 38 and 42 which score 1.9, and test 4 and 6 which score 1.8 for the consistence of the assembly process. The total number of test failed in the assembly operation is 13 and the input factor combination of these 13 tests are labelled and separated from the rest so that the root to their failure can be verified in future, and this is illustrated in 7.4 below. The assembly efficiency for the selected end effector design can then be calculated as below: Assembly Efficiency = = = 0.9729 or 97.29 % 130 Testing of the Prototype Model of the Proposed End Effector Design 7.7 Random order of test The run order of the 48 testing has been randomised as shown in Table 7.5. Randomisation of test order was exercised because it helps to lessen the effects of other factors that are not included in the study, particularly for effects that are time-dependent. Column 2 of Table 7.5 shows the test numbers which were randomly selected to be tested in order and column 6 is known as the response obtained from experiments, which is actually the mean average performance of the assembly process. The variable response scale factor is 0 to 2. Table 7.5 Test order and result obtained from each test 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Test Order Test No. A B C (mm/s) Response (0-2) Test Order Test No. A B C (mm/s) Response (0-2) 1 6 a2 b2 c1 1.8 25 44 a4 b3 c3 2.0 2 2 a2 b1 c1 1.9 26 3 a3 b1 c1 2.0 3 30 a2 b4 c2 2.0 27 8 a4 b2 c1 1.9 4 42 a2 b3 c3 1.9 28 7 a3 b2 c1 2.0 5 9 a1 b3 c1 2.0 29 10 a2 b3 c1 1.9 6 12 a4 b3 c1 2.0 30 4 a4 b1 c1 1.8 7 1 a1 b1 c1 2.0 31 13 a1 b4 c1 2.0 8 16 a4 b4 c1 2.0 32 23 a3 b2 c2 2.0 9 25 a1 b3 c2 2.0 33 18 a2 b1 c2 2.0 10 15 a3 b4 c1 2.0 34 21 a1 b2 c2 2.0 11 11 a3 b3 c1 2.0 35 17 a1 b1 c2 2.0 12 19 a3 b1 c2 2.0 36 33 a1 b1 c3 2.0 13 32 a4 b4 c2 2.0 37 27 a3 b3 c2 2.0 14 37 a1 b2 c3 2.0 38 20 a4 b1 c2 1.9 15 28 a4 b3 c2 2.0 39 31 a3 b4 c2 2.0 16 40 a4 b2 c3 2.0 40 26 a2 b3 c2 2.0 17 48 a4 b4 c3 2.0 41 36 a4 b1 c3 2.0 18 22 a2 b2 c2 2.0 42 41 a1 b3 c3 2.0 19 45 a1 b4 c3 2.0 43 43 a3 b3 c3 2.0 20 24 a4 b2 c2 1.9 44 46 a2 b4 c3 2.0 21 34 a2 b1 c3 1.9 45 38 a2 b2 c3 1.9 22 47 a3 b4 c3 2.0 46 35 a3 b1 c3 2.0 23 39 a3 b2 c3 2.0 47 29 a1 b4 c2 2.0 24 14 a2 b4 c1 1.9 48 5 a1 b2 c1 2.0 Note * A = Baseboard geometry a1 = Cavity no. 7 a2 = Cavity no. 8 a3 = Cavity no. 9 a4 = Cavity no. 10 B = Dolly geometry b1 = Cavity no. 2 b2 = Cavity no. 3 b3 = Cavity no. 4 b4 = Cavity no. 5 C = Assembling speed c1 = 5 mm/s c2 = 10 mm/s c3 = 15 mm/s 130 Testing of the Prototype Model of the Proposed End Effector Design 7.8 Use of statistical software to analyze the experimental results Assembly efficiency of 97.29 % was calculated in the previous session and this shows that there will be 1 failure for the assembly operation in every 37 cycles in the actual situation. This is obviously undesirable and must be improved. Therefore, it is necessary to know what factors that actually causes the 2.71 % to affect the consistency of the assembly operation. Generally, the use of statistical software to analyse the results of a designed experiment has been a common practice in the industries where the engineer only requires a fair knowledge of basic statistics and considerable time required for the manually statistic calculation can be reduced. In the case of this project, the software use for the analysis is known as Minitab version 13, which is available in the campus computer pool. The main objective of this software is to analyse the collected data so as to improved assembly efficiency of the selected end effector design by: a. Randomising the run order of the test. b. Generating Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) table to see which factor will affect the assembly operation significantly; this is illustrated in 7.6. c. Generating main and interaction effects plot for response to see which level of the factor will affect the assembly operation significantly. 7.8.1 Analysis of variance for the consistence of the assembly process The aim of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is to identify the source of variance that is likely to have influence in the experimental result by comparing the P-value of the input variable to some defined confidence level such as 1 %, 5 % and 10 %. According to the interpretation of ANOVA, the source of variance will become significant if its P-value is less than the defined confidence level. Table 7.6 as shown below tabulates the result of the ANOVA generated from Minitab for the three-factor fixed effect model. From the P-value in the last column of the table, it is observed that the baseboard (A) and assembling speed (C) will significantly affect the response since their P-values are far less than 0.05, which is in fact the standard and common confidence level that is set to be 5 % in this study. Dolly (B) has the P-value that is very close to the 5 % confidence level and this shows that it might have slight effect in the assembly operation. The P-value for baseboard (A) is 0.000 and this shows that it mainly affects the consistency of the assembly process no matter what confidence level is being defined. The (A C) interaction F-ratio has the P-value of 0.005, indicating that there is interaction between baseboards and the assembling speed. Table 7.6 The ANOVA table for the consistence of the assembly process Source of variance Sum of Square (SS) Degree of Freedom (DF) Mean Square (MS) F-ratio (F) P-value (P) Baseboard (A) 0.038958 3 0.012986 11.94 0.000 Dolly (B) 0.010625 3 0.003542 3.26 0.046 Assembling Speed (C) 0.012917 2 0.006458 5.94 0.010 AB (interaction) 0.018542 9 0.002060 1.89 0.119 AC (interaction) 0.030417 6 0.005069 4.66 0.005 BC (interaction) 0.003750 6 0.000625 0.57 0.746 Error 0.019583 18 0.001088 Total 0.134792 47 * Confidence level at 5 % (for general cases) 7.8.2 Interpretation of the level of main and interaction effect Once the source of variance which will affect the assembly operation was identified, it is to focus on what are the levels of that variable input that really causes the assembly process to fail. The relative importance of the level of the three main and interaction effects of the input variables on the assembly operation are shown graphically in 7.7 and 7.8. Both the magnitude and sign of the effects mean something: a. The sign tells the direction of the effects, that is, if the response increases or decreases. b. The magnitude indicates the strength of the effect. From the graph in 7.7 above, it is observed that the sign of the baseboard level changes significantly and that is why it has the 0.000 P-value in the ANOVA table. The best combination of the variable input was found to be (c2, b4 and a1 or a3), and the worst combination of the variable input is (c1, b1 or b2 and a2) which must be discarded in the assembly operation. Moreover, all the level of the variables that fall below the dotted-line, which is the position of the 5 % confidence level used in the study, should be discarded. These levels are a2, a4, b1, b2, c1 and c3. As refer to the graph in 7.8 above, the significant interaction between baseboard and assembling speed is indicated by the lack of parallelism of the average response at each level of the variables and this is obviously why it has the P-value that is less than the 5 % confidence level in the ANOVA table. It can be seen that a2 and c1 are the main causes to this significant interaction and they must be discarded in the assembly operation. In addition, (a4 c1), (a4 c2) and (a2 c3) will also have some effect in the assembly process. The results from the main effect and interaction plot are needed to combine to identify which levels of the variable that must be discarded in order to improve the assembly efficiency. This is illustrated in Table 7.7. It can be easily concluded that a2, a4 and c1 must be discarded as their duplicated existence in the table had mainly caused the inconsistency of the assembly operation during the experiment. The generated statistical data from Minitab version 13 can be found in Appendix H. Table 7.7 Summary of the result of the main effect and interaction plot Severity of the Significance (in the assembly process) Main Effect Plot (Level of the variable input) Interaction Plot (Level of the variable input) 1 a2 a2 c1 2 c1 a2 c3 3 b1, b2 a4 c1 4 a4 a4 c2 7.9 Analysis of the root to the discarded input variable It had been found that mould cavity 8 and 10 which manufactures baseboard, and assembling speed of 5 mm/s must be discarded in order for the assembly operation to be consistent. However, it is important to understand what actually causes these two variables to be discarded so that further recommendations can be used to improve the assembly operation. 7.9.1 Cause of the discarded assembling speed Among the three assembling speeds mentioned previously, medium speed of 10 mm/s is found to be the best while slow speed of 5 mm/s is found to be the worst. It shows that the initial guess of slow assembling speed will be the best is absolutely wrong. As dolly is not really secured by the suction cup of the end effector during assembly operation, there will be a higher chance that it will move around inside the end effector and cause the assembly operation to fail if the assembling speed is too slow. However, if the assembling speed is too fast, the shaft of dolly might not have sufficient time to insert properly into the hole of baseboard and this cause the failure of the assembly operation. As a result, medium assembling speed of 10 mm/s becomes the best choice. 7.9 as shown below illustrates the failure of the assembly operation due to the inappropriate setting of the assembling speed. 7.9.2 Cause of the discarded baseboard Although mould cavity 7 and 9, which manufactures baseboard, produce excellent result during the experiment of assembly operation, it is impossible to discard all baseboard from the other two mould cavities as this will cause the number of baseboard to be insufficient for the assembly operation. In contrast, it is more important to distinguish the geometric difference of baseboard from all the mould cavities. 7.9.2.1 Inspection of the baseboard geometry All the baseboards involved in the failures of the assembly operation are deeply inspected. Since mould cavity 7 and cavity 9 have no influence in the assembly operation, one of them is also inspected to compare with the inspection result of the failed part so that any geometric difference between the measured parts can be identified. Simultaneously, it is necessary to establish some useful dimension to be measured and this is illustrated in 7.10. Basically, the reason to obtain these three dimensions of A, B and C can be briefly explained as below: A. This dimension is important as its variation will directly affect the success of the assembly process, especially when it is too large. B. This dimension will affect the position of the baseboard to be assembled. C. This dimension sits inside the fixture and any variation of it will also affect the position of baseboard to be assembled. From the graph, it can be seen that dimension B and C have the two lines that are very close to each other, while dimension A has the two lines that is quite apart from each other. Moreover, the entire dimension A values of the failed baseboard are higher than the good baseboard. Therefore, it shows that this increased dimension A values of the failed baseboard had significantly caused the assembly operation to fail. Furthermore, out of the three dimensions value, only dimension A value has increased and it indicates that the problem did not come from the shrinkage problem of the mould cavity, otherwise all the three dimension value should have together increased. It is believed that the initial assumption that baseboard will resume to its original position within 5 replicates during the experiment is not valid, and thus causes dimension A value of the baseboard to increase. This is probably due to the different setting of the temperature in the injection moulding machine which event ually affects the material property of the baseboard and causes the assembly operation to fail. 7.9.2.2 Repetitive use of baseboards in the experiment As mentioned before, each of the baseboards was used 5 times before they were replaced with a new piece in the experiment due to the limited supply of the part from Clipsal. This means that each of the new part of baseboard and dolly was used only in the first and sixth replicate of the test number, while the fifth and tenth replicate of the test number are the part that were repeatedly used for five times during the experiment. In this case, the replicate number which failed in each of the test during the experiment of the assembly operation was observed. Table 7.8 as shown below summarize this observation. It can be seen that all the test number of the failed baseboard fall between the forth and last replicate number. It shows that the poor material property of the baseboards had made baseboards sustain excessive bending and that is why they could not resume to its initial position after 4 or 5 repeatedly use, and thus caused the assembly operation to fail. As a matter of fact, baseboard will be required to be bended for only one time in the actual assembly operation in Clipsal and this shows that the actual assembly efficiency should be more than 97.29 % if baseboard or dolly was not used repeatedly during the experiment. However, it is impossible to verify this value by conducting another set of experiments due to the limited time and resource in the project. Therefore, it can be concluded that the repetitive use of baseboard from mould cavity 8 and 10 had significantly increased the baseboard geometry but this will not affect the performance of the actual assembly operation in Clipsal. Table 7.8 Summary of the replication used of the failed baseboard during experiment Failed Baseboard Test No. 2 4 4 6 6 8 10 14 20 24 34 38 42 Replicate No. in Each Test No. 10 5 9 4 10 5 5 9 5 9 5 4 10 No. of Repetition of Use 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 7.9.2.3 Observing of the assembly operation during the experiment During the experiment, not only the results of the 480 replicates of the assembly process were recorded, but their behaviours were also observed very carefully. It was found that the two shafts of dolly did not really insert into baseboard together, but they rather inserted one side and then followed by the other side into baseboard, even when dolly was pushed from its centre. This two-motion insertion situation had made dolly to be shifted very close to one side of baseboard after assembly operation and this eventually might force the inserted dolly to pounce back from baseboard, especially when the geometry of baseboard is somehow increased. This observation is illustrated in 7.12 as shown below. It can be seen that this observation is actually similar to the one that had obtained during the force analysis in chapter 4. Therefore, it can be concluded that either dolly geometry needs to be increased or baseboard geometry needs to be decreased in order to maintain the high consistenc y of the assembly operation. 7.10 Conclusion Since the response of the proposed assembly operation is either pass or fail, which is much different from those situations where specific tolerance is given. As a result, three factors full factorial experiment, which requires tremendous number of trial of 480, was conducted to analyze the performance of the assembly operation. The assembly efficiency was found to be 97.29 %, which is quite far away from the manual one of 99.69 %. The result obtained from the statistical software of Minitab shows that the optimal assembling speed is 10 mm/s and dolly geometry had very little or negligible effect in the assembly process. Baseboard mould cavity number 8 and 10 were initially found to have significant influence on the inconsistency of the assembly operation. However, it was later clarified that the repetitive use of baseboards in the experiment are then the main cause to it The automatic assembly efficiency is then believed to be much higher but this is impossible to be verified by conducting set of experiment due to the limited resource in the project. Finally, observations obtained in DOE and force analysis are used to conclude that either dolly geometry needs to be increased or baseboard geometry needs to be decreased. This is important as it will help to further increase the assembly efficiency.