Leader member exchange theory Essay

Leader Member Exchange Theory Considerable research has shown that leaders can significantly influence individual, group, and organizational performance (Gerstner & Day, 1997; Judge, Piccolo, & Ilies, 2004; Lowe, Kroeck & Sivasubramaniam, 1996). Different leadership theories articulate a number of mechanisms through which leaders have such influences (Northouse, 1997). An alternative approach to understanding leaders’ influence on individual follower or subordinate effectiveness is through the focus on dyadic relationships between leaders and each of their subordinates (Dansereau et al., 1975). LMX, originally called vertical dyadic linkage (VDL), was developed approximately 30 years ago by Dansereau et al. (1975) as a response to average leadership style (ALS), which assumed that leaders maintain similar relationships with all of their employees. LMX broke away from this conceptualization by highlighting the way leaders differentiate between their subordinates by creating in- groups and out-groups. In-group members have high quality exchanges characterized by â€Å"mutual trust, respect, and obligation† (Graen & Uhl-Bien: 227), whereas out-group members have low quality exchanges that have less trust, respect, and obligation. LMX is a dyadic theory that has its roots in role theory (Dienesch & Liden, 1986; Kahn, Wolfe, Quinn, Snoek, & Rosenthal, 1964) and social exchange theory (Blau, 1964; Cropanzano & Mitchell, 2005). The basic principle of leader–member exchange (LMX) is that leaders develop different types of exchange relationships with their followers and that the quality of these relationships affects important leader and member attitudes and behaviors (Gerstner & Day, 1997; Liden et al., 1997; Sparrowe & Liden, 1997). LMX suggests that supervisors choose those they like and / or view as strong performers to fill the more important organizational roles. Conversely, the lesser roles are assigned to those subordinates who are less liked or viewed as less capable. Subordinates selected for the more important roles establish close, high-quality LMX relationships with their supervisors, characterized by trust and emotional support (Dienesch & Liden, 1986). From these high-quality relationships, subordinates receive several advantages including formal and informal rewards, favor doing, ample access to supervisors, and increased communication (Dienesch & Liden, 1986; Graen &  Scandura, 1987; Wayne,Shore, & Liden, 1997). On the other hand, subordinates in low-quality LMX relationships have exchanges with their supervisors that reflect low levels of trust and emotional support and few, if any, benefits outside of the formal employment contract (e.g., Dienesch & Liden, 1986). High-quality leader–mem ber relationships or exchanges are characterized by high levels of trust, interaction, support, and formal and informal rewards (Dienesch & Liden, 1986). Such relationships include the exchange of material and nonmaterial goods that extend beyond what is specified in the formal job description (Liden et al., 1997; Liden & Graen, 1980). Research on leader–member exchange (LMX) has shown the value of high-quality leader–member relationships in organizations (Graen & Uhl-Bien, 1995; Liden, Sparrowe, & Wayne, 1997). Leaders and followers in these high-LMX relationships often report enhanced levels of satisfaction and effectiveness, as well as mutual influence, more open and honest communication, greater access to resources, and more extra-role behaviors (Gerstner & Day, 1997). Low-quality relationships, in contrast, appear to put subordinates at a relative disadvantage in terms of job benefits and career progress (Vecchio, 1997). In low-quality relationships, members receive less access to the supervisor, fewer resources, and more restricted information, potentially leading to dissatisfaction in the job, lower organizational commitment, and employee turnover (Gerstner & Day, 1997). Sparrowe and Liden noted, â€Å"the quality of the member’s exchange relationship with the leader, which is based on the degree of emotional support and exchange of valued resources, is pivotal in determining the member’s fate within the organization† (1997, p. 522). In support of the theory, empirical research indeed has demonstrated that LMX has significant influences on outcomes such as task performance, satisfaction, turnover, and organizational commitment (Gerstner & Day, 1997). So much research on LMX has accumulated, with the large majority focusing on outcomes, that a meta-analysis (Gerstner & Day, 1997), three literature reviews (Graen & Uhl-Bien, 1995; Liden, Sparrowe, & Wayne, 1997; Schriesheim, Castro, & Cogliser, 1999), and a new book series (Graen, 2004) have been conducted. All five of these research efforts state that positive organizational and individual outcomes are the primary results of high-quality LMX relationships. These positive outcomes are based on role the  ory and social exchange theory as subordinates in high quality exchanges receive better roles, increased communication, higher levels of trust, and increased access to the supervisor. Some of these positive outcomes include higher performance ratings, better objective performance, increased commitment. A number of other LMX studies have focused on how leader and member characteristics such as gender (Milner et al., 2007), socio-economic status (Duchon, Green, & Taber, 1986), and age and education (Tsui & O’Reilly, 1989) may influence the leader-member relationship. In particular, the relationship between gender and LMX has been well documented. Research has shown that supervisors with same-sex subordinates are likely to develop higher quality LMXs than those supervisors of the opposite sex (Milner et al.; Wayne, Liden, & Sparrow, 1994). Further, Lee (1999) found that perceived quality of LMX affects subordinates’ expectat ions in overall communication patterns with the supervisors depending on their gender. Additionally, correlations between subordinates and supervisor rating of LMX were significantly higher for female subordinates of female supervisors than for female subordinates of male supervisors (Varma & Stroh, 2001). LMX theory articulates the development of a work relationship between the supervisor and the subordinate. LMX researchers proposed various models of this process (Dienesch & Liden, 1986; Graen & Scandura, 1987; Graen & Uhl-Bien, 1995). Graen and Scandura’s (1987) role-making model described LMX as comprised of three phases: role-taking, role-making, and role routinization. In the role-taking stage, the leader makes a request or assigns a task and evaluates the member’s behavior and performance to assess the underlying motivation and potential. This phase corresponds to the first step in Dienesch and Liden’s (1986) model in which demographic characteristics and personalities may influence the initial interaction between the two parties. Role-making is the continuation of the developmental process where the nature of the leader–member relationship becomes more defined. It is at this stage that managers and subordinates begin to cement the relationship (Bauer & Green, 1996). The leader provides an opportunity to the member by assigning an unstructured task. If the member accepts that opportunity, the relationship continues to develop into a high-quality exchange relationship (Liden et al., 1997). The third stage is role routinization. At this point,  leader and member develop a common understanding and clear mutual expectations. The behaviors of the leader and member become interlocked (Graen & Scandura, 1987) and the quality of exchange typically remains stable after this phase (Liden et al., 1997). Perspective taking involves the ability to consider and appreciate the perceptions and viewpoints of others and â€Å"see the world through their eyes.† As individuals take the perspectives of others, they understand others‟ behaviors in a way closer to how they understand their own behaviors. As Davis, Conklin, Smith, and Luce (1996) have pointed out, â€Å"self/target overlap† occurs when we take another’s perspective, and the perceived others becomes more self alike. Kuhnert and Lewis suggested that supervisors‟ perspective taking capacity (how many perspectives they are able to hold simultaneously) is manifested in the degree to which their leadership styles are characterized as transactional versus transformational. The authors argue that managers who take others‟ perspectives as part of their own perspective (Kegan stage 3) are likely to engage in transactions of higher quality, involving â€Å"non-concrete† rewards such as emotional support, mutual respect, and trust. Managers who are unable to effectively integrate others‟ perspectives into their own (Kegan stage 2), are more likely to have transactions of a lower quality with their subordinates, based on â€Å"concrete† rewards such as pay increases, benefits, or other tangible outcomes. References Graen, George B. and Uhl-Bien, Mary, â€Å"Relationship-Based Approach to Leadership: Development of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory of Leadership over 25 Years: Applying a Multi-Level Multi-Domain Perspective† (1995).Management Department Faculty Publications. Paper 57. James L. Soldner,â€Å"Relationships among leader-member exchange, organizational citizenship behavior, organizational commitment, gender, and dyadic duration in a rehabilitation organization† (2009).Dissertation. Kenneth J. Harris, R. B. (2007). Personality, Leader-Member Exchanges, and Work Outcomes. 92-96. Lunenburg, F. C. (2010). Leader-Member Exchange Theory: Another Perspective on the Leadership Process . INTERNATIONAL  JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT, BUSINESS, AND ADMINISTRATION , 1-3. Moates, K. N. (2007). PERSPECTIVE TAKING AND LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE. Maslyn, John and Uhl-Bien, Mary, â€Å"Leader–Member Exchange and Its Dimensions: Effects of Self-Effort and Other’s Effort on Relationship Quality † (2001). Management Department Faculty Publications. Paper 17. Mayer D.M. (2004). Are you in or out? A group-level examination of the effects of LMX on justice and customer satisfaction. (Doctoral dissertation) University of Maryland. Remus Ilies, J. D. (n.d.). Leader–Member Exchange and Citizenship Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis . journal of applied psychology, 269-271. Terri A.Scandura, E. K. (2009). Trust and Leader Member-Excahnge. Journal of Leadership and organizational studies, 109.

Lithuanian Footwear Manufacturing Industry Analysis According to Porter‘S Five Forces

Lithuanian Footwear Manufacturing Industry Analysis According to Porter‘s Five Forces Introduction For all times footwear has been a basic necessity and just recently it has become a matter of fashion and prestige, thus making huge changes in footwear industry: it expanded and became well differentiated. Therefore, in order to perform and compete effectively, companies have to analyze their external environment. This paper will concentrate on Porter’s five forces that shape competition in Lithuanian footwear com/chapter-practice/">manufacturing industry. Rivalry A decade ago there were much more footwear manufacturers in Lithuania.However, right after Lithuania joined the European Union, footwear imports from China to the European Union increased eight times. It caused huge profit losses for Lithuania’s footwear manufacturers and many of them withdrew from the market. Today there are two main footwear manufacturers UAB â€Å"Sabalin† and UAB â€Å"Lituanic a†, a few smaller manufacturers such as UAB â€Å"Paliutis† and UAB â€Å"Evenida† and there are also some individual businesses which do not mass-produce but manufacture shoes just for individual orders. As we can see there are not many Lithuanian companies but their competition creates the rivalry a positive sum.The largest companies UAB â€Å"Sabalin† and UAB â€Å"Lituanica† produce leather shoes for the whole family and export most of their production to other European countries, especially to Great Britain, Latvia and Finland (http://www. lituanica. info/m93-1. html, http://www. visalietuva. lt/imones/info/sabalin-uab). Smaller manufacturers concentrate on specific footwear production such as boots and working shoes or take orders from Lithuania’s companies and produce big quantities of specific safety shoes or shoes which are part of employees’ uniform.Footwear manufacturing usually is not their only scope so when they have hard times in shoes manufacturing, they concentrate on other fields. For example UAB â€Å"Paliutis† produces not only boots but also other rubber and plastic production (http://avalyne. paliutis. lt/index. php), UAB â€Å"Arnesima† produces safety working shoes and, in addition, they offer safety gloves, waterproof clothes and etc (http://www. arnesima. lt/). Individual businesses do not have a great demand because Lithuanians prefer custom boots just for ery important occasions, for example, weddings or when the foot is not standard and they cannot find suitable shoes in shoe stores. However, the main competitors for footwear manufacturers in Lithuania are Chinese footwear producers. According to UAB â€Å"Lituanica† director D. Keltuva, just the leather they use for a pair of shoes costs the same as the finished Chinese pair of shoes. To become more competitive, Lithuanian manufacturers cut their prices; however, it was impossible to become equivalent competitors because Chinese labor force was far and away cheaper.Besides, young to middle-age Lithuanians are concerned about fashion and prestige so Lithuanian manufacturers are unable to compete with designers’ shoes or well known brands. UAB â€Å"Sabalin† director Regina Arcisauskaite claims that her manufactory orients to segments from middle to high prices and to middle class people; however, this company does not aim for luxurious or fashionable products’ segment. New entrants Recently not a single bigger footwear manufacturing business has been started. The main reason is the economic recession, which has caused the decrease in footwear sales.Another reason is still huge competition from China. However, today shoe shops â€Å"Lietuviska avalyne† and â€Å"Dolita† report that sales in Lithuania are constantly increasing and people, especially elder ones, prefer more expensive, but quality Lithuanian shoes from natural leather and fur. Besides, Lithuani ans have turned back to small boutique shops and prefer shopping in places which offer unique products and comfortable surroundings. This probably will cause an increase in number of small shops, run by small businesses owners or new entrants who will be willing to fill this niche.Lithuania’s government policy is favorable to new entrants and offers a lot of ways to start a new company. The main requirements for new business entrants are quite high government taxes and the initial capital in some cases. However, new entrants face one huge barrier to entry. Most Lithuanians do not trust Lithuanian production; they do not think about the quality and price and choose fashionable foreign footwear. Moreover, incumbents have already survived through Chinese invasion and recession so they have a lot of experience.As soon as the newcomers face the first difficulties they might get lost and go bankrupt just like many other Lithuanian footwear manufacturers did five years ago. This mig ht discourage them from entering this market. One more important barrier is that in order to open a new footwear manufactory a huge amount of initial capital is needed. New entrants need new premises, inventories and qualified employees. This may also deter a lot of newcomers from entering this market. Substitutes Shoe market in Lithuania is tremendous.You can see shoe shops everywhere and shoes in various styles, colors, designs and prices are brought there from a lot of different countries. There are a lot of other shoe stores which offer quality footwear. These shops gain advantage because customers are exposed to a great choice, meanwhile people can merely see Lithuanian shoe shops in shopping centers or in the streets. Moreover, Lithuania’s youth tends to wear mainly sports shoes and frequently replace them with new ones. They wear them both in summer and in winter, so they are not looking for quality and long lasting shoes which are rather expensive.In this age of new t echnologies another substitute is available for everyone – online shops or eBay. Lithuanians find it cheaper to order something from overseas than to buy it in local shops. This phenomenon is also applicable to footwear. Most of the online shops have return policies so people are not afraid to buy and, if it is necessary, to change the item. Finally, parents tend to buy footwear for their children in second-hand shops. They see no need to spend huge amounts on shoes when their child’s feet are constantly growing. The same trend is seen among elder people.Pensions in Lithuania are relatively low so the pensioners cannot afford new quality shoes. Therefore, they go to second-hand shops where they can find almost new and really quality foreign footwear; they even can find branded shoes in very good condition. Since the price is still a very important factor in choosing shoes, nowadays most Lithuanians try to find substitutes which could offer suitable quality and price ra tio. Power of suppliers Today Lithuanian footwear manufacturers buy raw materials mainly from Lithuanian companies, for example, leather processing companies AB â€Å"Siauliu Stumbras† and UAB â€Å"Naturali oda. There is a great variety of available leather and other raw material suppliers in Europe so footwear manufacturers are not dramatically dependent on their suppliers and can easily switch their suppliers since switching costs are low. However, leather processing companies depend on economic situation and cattle ranches. The manager of leather processing company â€Å"TDL Oda† Vidmantas Simkus explains that when economic crisis occurred, the demand for meat decreased thus the number of grown cattle also decreased.It resulted in lack of raw leather material last year and was the reason for double increase in price. Respectively, Lithuanian footwear manufacturers had to buy more expensive raw materials, their product prices increased and they became less competit ive in shoes market. Besides, footwear manufacturers are not the only ones who use leather for their production. Coats, gloves, hats, handbags and some bijouterie are made from leather so leather processing companies have some power to choose whom to sell their production to and in this way to raise the prices. Power of buyersFootwear is necessary for every person so they cannot avoid buying shoes. However, they can choose where and what kind of shoes to buy. Generally, in footwear industry buyers do not have a lot of power, but in Lithuania their power is significant. Since there is great variety of imported shoes and just a few Lithuanian footwear shops, the buyers’ choices determine which shoe shops (and thus which manufacturers) will survive. There are very few shops in Lithuania which sell both foreign and Lithuanian footwear; Lithuanian footwear is sold mostly in special stores.Since Lithuanians do not trust Lithuanian production, their preference might cause bankruptcy for some shops. It would mean that Lithuanian footwear would be sold just outside the country. Individual businesses owners are greatly dependent on the buyers because they are their main customers and if they are not willing to pay for original custom shoes, these businesses are sure to face a lot of difficulties. On the other hand, Lithuanian footwear in export countries has a lot of loyal customers who recognize products’ quality and reasonable price.UAB â€Å"Lituanica† director Kestuts Deltuva says that their sales abroad are constantly increasing and they have a lot of new orders and now they are having a very busy season. Conclusion All things considered, Lithuanian footwear manufacturing industry is full of opportunities. Rivalry among Lithuanian footwear producers is rather weak. Since they do not intensively compete in Lithuania’s shoes market, it creates some opportunities for new entrants. This industry is open for new entrants who should consider d ifferent strategic plans and try to meet the demand for both quality and fashionable footwear in Lithuania.The main problem that Lithuanian footwear manufacturers face is a great variety of substitutes: shoes of different brands, styles and origin are easily accessible, and also different places and ways of acquisition are available. Suppliers do not have significant power; however, buyers are the main force which determines which companies will survive in Lithuanian footwear manufacturing industry. References June 27, 2005. Avalynes gamintojai siekia ES apsaugos. Retrieved from http://www. zebra. lt/lt/naujienos/verslas/avalynes-gamintojai-siekia-es-apsaugos-72238. html June 2010.Footwear Industry Profile: Europe. Industry overview. Retrieved from Business Source Complete Inciuriene, Sigita. November, 2010. Vidmantas Simkus: Man geriausia Siauliuose. Retrieved from http://lics-siauliai. lt/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Mes-Siaulieciai-Nr61. pdf August 29, 2005. Kinu batsiuviai verzia kilpa Lietuvos avalynes gamintojams. Retrieved from http://www. verslobanga. lt/lt/spaudai. full/4312ada8d1f1a October 18, 2010. Lietuvos batsiuviai be batu nelieka. Retrieved from http://www. verslozinios. lt/index. php? act=mprasa&sub=article&id=26957

Balance Sheet and Tax Basis

Week 5 Problem Solution Set Accounting/547 October 5th, 2012 Chapter 15, #83 a) Significant tax issues or concerns that may differ across entity types are: * The business structure’s flexibility * Protection of the liability * The time and cost of organizing the entity Significant non-tax issues or concerns that may differ across entity types are: * Lowering of self-employment and FICA taxes * Flexibility of special allocations * Adding new owners b) My recommendation for forming CCS is LLC.I chose LLC because the organizing business members may reduce their individual tax liabilities by operating as a LLC. CCS should be concerned about FICA and self-employment taxes. LLCs must pay self-employment taxes. As the business grows past 3-4 years, I recommend CCS to look at the possibility of switching to and S Corporation. At this point, compensation needs may have reduced and the members would wish to fully benefit from self-employment tax removal. Chapter 19, #39 A. What amount o f gain or loss does Zhang realize on the transfer of the property to her corporation?Loss Realized = FMV(Stock Received)+Mortgage Assumed–AdjustedTaxBasis = $300,000 + $100,000 – $410,000 Loss Realized= ($10,000) B. What amount of gain or loss does Zhang recognize on the transfer of the property to corporation. No loss is recognized on this transfer because of the requirements of Section 351. C. What is Zhang’s tax basis in the stock she receives in the exchange? Tax Basis = Substituted Basis of the Assets Transferred – Assumed Mortgage = $410,000 – $100,000 Tax Basis= $310,000 D. What is the corporation’s tax-adjusted basis in each of the assets received in the exchange?The corporation’s carryover basis is $400,000; the value of assets received minus the aggregate loss on the assets transferred applied to land. Inventory = $10,000, Building = $100,000, and Land = $290,000. Assume the corporation assumed a mortgage of $500,000 attache d to the building and land. Assume the fair market value of the building is now $250,000 and the fair market value of the land is $530,000. The fair market value of the stock remains $300,000. E. How much, if any, gain or loss does Zhang recognize on the exchange assuming the revised facts?Realized Gain: $300K Stock FMV + $500K Mortgage – $410K Aggregate Tax Basis = $390,000 Realized Gain Tax Basis of Property: $500K – $410K = $90,000 Zhang would recognize a gain of $90,000 on the transfer under the new conditions since the assumed liability is greater than the total tax basis of the transferred property. F. What is Zhang’s tax basis in the stock she receives in the exchange? Tax Basis of Stock Received = Tax Adjusted Property Basis Transferred + Exchange Gain Recognized – Mortgage Assumed $410,000 + $90,000 – $500,000 = 0, Zhang can defer recognition of the $300,000 in stock. G. What is the corporation’s tax-adjusted basis in each of the as sets received in the exchange? Inventory = $10,000 + ($20,000/$800,000 x $90,000) = $12,250 Building = $100,000 + ($250,000 / $800,000 x $90,000)= $128,125 Land= $300,000 + ($530,000 / $800,000 x $90,000) = $359,625 Total= Inventory + Building + Land = $12,250 + $128,125 + $359,625 Total = $500,000 The corporation’s total tax basis is the $410,000 carryover basis plus the gain recognized on the exchange.

Why read The Story of An Hour by Kate Chopin (1894) Essay

Why read The Story of An Hour by Kate Chopin (1894) - Essay Example Mallard, who having a weak heart, mourns the death of her husband, Kate Chopin introduces a passage, which abruptly pictures window’s feelings of relief and freedom and thus this tragic event becomes confusing. Finally, in the exact moment when Mrs. Mallard finds out her allegedly dead husband is alive, she dies of a heart attack. From the critical perspective, the first impression from the story is undoubtedly confusing, however, a more careful analysis reveals that there are many reasons why this literary piece would be important and even necessary to read. Unlike many literary works that are essential descriptive, Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† teaches a modern reader to understand historical and social context of the story. This most popular piece of Chopin’s short fiction was written and published in 1984, and the influence of this historical epoch on the story is evident. Chopin’s women are framed and determined by the historical traditions, morals and principles. Women’s lives are limited by kitchens, children, families and occasional genteel routs. â€Å"Story of an Hour† witnesses a woman dawning on the notion of freedom after she learns of her husband’s death. Mrs. Mallard is awe-struck at her own feelings, as she has too lived her life according to the rules of middle-class white womanhood, but she lets the feelings flow nevertheless, and she makes plans for her new life: â€Å"Free! Body and soul free!† (Chopin, par.14). Chopin leaves audience with perhaps her most telling dramatic irony: the gathered community, viewing Mrs. Mallard as the pinnacle of respectable true-womanhood, decides her cause-of-death: â€Å"joy that kills† (Chopin, par.20). As in most of Chopin’s literature, her women who rebel from marriage are not rebelling from their husbands personally; rather, and perhaps worse, according to true-woman ideology, they rebel from the depletion of personal power and selfhood that

RP 3.2 Online Ethical Business project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

RP 3.2 Online Ethical Business project - Essay Example The particular phone is then shipped to the buyer within 1-5 days depending on their location. The business will be aimed at providing services to customers while not infringing on the customer privacy and the Digital Copyright Act (SBA, 2013). The business will therefor comply with all the legal considerations and requirement for an online business. Some of these requirement include the fact that, the business will be duly registered as an online business by the national and the local authorities for the issues of tax remittance. To our customers, we will comply with the customer privacy regulations of not sharing their vital and personal information with any other entity and we will ensure that the customers’ personal information remains personal and private. Just like in every business, we will be faced with a stiff competition in the market. We’re aware of the already existing well established companies that deal do online cell phone retailing. Some of the major players in this market include Amazon, Mobile city online, OLX and others. However, that will not encourage us from operating and having our own market niche and create our customer base. We will involve in thorough advertisement through social media, television and magazines in order to increase our popularity. We will ensure that we collaborate with phone manufacturers so that we be among the first people to sell the newly released phone models. This way, we will be able to attract more clients who are in the category of those who would want to be the first to use such new models (James, 2012). We will then win our customers through this strategy and ensure we sell online high quality phones in order to stay on top of competition. For the start, the business will only be able to serve the clients in the United Kingdom. Here, it will be able to at least meet the cost of delivering the purchased phones to the

Current Events and U.S. Diplomacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 9

Current Events and U.S. Diplomacy - Essay Example These wars are commonly known as Proxy wars. Each country tries to contain the expansion of the other. Russia targeted communism. Many historians believe that it had selfish motives planned, turning the supporting countries into military camps, funding the spread of communism in other continents and U.S. trying to cork the leak. In 1947 the U.S. president Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine which served as a platform to voice the very same notion of corking the leak. It was primarily announced to save Greek communists from being overcome by the Soviet Union. The doctrine however did not highlight the particular expansionist country, yet the core country was pretty much evident. It said that whoever tries to establish a stronghold over countries who do not wish to abide willingly will be tackled by the United States of America. The Soviet Union recognized this doctrine as a war cry. (Gaddis 1974). The Truman doctrine was in fact an open effort by the States to contain Communism within every nook of the world no matter how far reached it appeared to be. This laid open an invitation for cold war which proceeded as the States tried to handle various targets set forth by the post war Soviet Union circumstances. The announcement of this doctrine created many adversaries from within the country as well. Many were opposed to the fact of spending millions of dollars just for simple administration in various countries. They felt as if President Truman and the speech he delivered in front of the Congress in 1947 had obligated the country to kibosh communism in every other country. The feared the burden it would be laying on the economy and ultimately on the financial infrastructure. But Truman believed that this containment need not only be via military forces but through peaceful talks, negotiations and other economic means (Zajac, 2013). It felt as a need for the U.S. to provide

Medical Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medical Research - Essay Example They do not include seemingly important information such as the brand of vitamins the study subjects were taking, what type and severity of diabetes the mothers of the infants had, and the like. Other than that, it appears that all results were reported. The information is aged, so there is a good chance this study acted to plant a seed in getting women to take nutritional supplements, especially if they had been diagnosed as being diabetic and was pregnant. According to the study, the results concluded that mothers with diabetes had an increased risk of having children with birth defects. This occurred only with those mothers who had failed to take multivitamins while they were pregnant. Those mothers who had diabetes and took multivitamins while they were pregnant did not show an increase for the risk of birth defects. This leads to the conclusion that the use of multivitamins during pregnancy may reduce the chances that a mother with diabetes will give birth to a child with birth defects (Correa, 2003). The conclusion, which is listed as the last sentence in the paragraph above, is appropriate to the results. Furthermore, the conclusion that was reached was supported by the data that was presented in the tables that came along with the research study. A discussion of implications is included near the results section of the study and is larger than the results section itself. The study does not discuss future research, but does refer a lot back to prior research that has been conducted on the topic in past research studies of a similar type (Correa, 2003). There is one point that appears in Table 5 that the authors fail to mention, but that is interesting and worthy of noting. Women without diabetes who took multivitamins during pregnancy had a 120/424 chance of giving birth to a child with birth defects. This is particularly noteworthy since the subjects for the study were selected on the basis of having birth defects, but the control group did not have diabetes while the rest of the mothers did (Correa, 2003). LIMITATIONS The authors do discuss limitations of the trial in the discussion section. They claim that the information regarding the status of diabetes and the taking of multivitamins were taken from the mother's words instead of produced in the study. Therefore, it could not be verified or detailed. This means that, in the study, they could not distinguish between type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes or see if that affected the study outcomes in any way (Correa, 2003). The authors did strongly attempt to give a justification for these limitations. Although limitations may seem purely negative in nature, that is not necessarily the case. They can give great ideas for those who plan on conducting

Financial Management - Cool Moose Creamery Essay

Financial Management - Cool Moose Creamery - Essay Example The report analyses whether starting a new franchise of Cool Moose Creamery would be feasible or not and what opportunities and threats might be considered while starting this venture. The report has been divided into two parts; the first part of the reports highlights and discusses different elements that could influence the decision whether to start a new venture or not and the other part of the report analyses the feasibility of starting a new venture by using different project appraisal techniques. The first part of would include more of qualitative data however the quantitative data and all the calculations have been included in the second part. Important Elements to Consider Starting a new venture is the phase when the management of the business has to consider important elements and factors that could influence the operations and success of the new firm. By identifying these important elements, the managers are able to identify factors that could influence the business and the n take steps to minimize the impact of these steps. Such elements are also important for the management as they provide areas that the management should look at and be careful of while starting a new venture (Dunung, 2010). Some of the most important elements that the management has to consider while starting a new venture are as follows: Market Size and potential of the market One of the important elements that have been considered before starting a new venture is the market size and the potential of the market. Market size is basically defined as the total number of potential customers that the firm for whom the firm would be offering products or services. Market potential basically refers to the potential or possibility of the consumers buying the products or services of the firm. If the market has high potential but the size is very limited and starting a business requires high investment, then it is not feasible to go ahead with such a venture. However, if the market size is sm all and has potential in it but requires low investment then venture can be started as despite of low market size firm would be able to capitalise the market. Therefore it is important for the management to consider and analyse the market size and the potential of the market along with the benefits that would be delivered by the venture and by comparing these elements, the final decision should be made. Product and its uniqueness The other important element that

Early Intervention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Early Intervention - Essay Example first one is IFSP - Individualized Family Service Plan is a plan put together by the multidisciplinary team to help the family assist the child in the functioning of day to day activities. The parents should be involved in the team that comes up with the program. The second one is EIT - Early Intervention Team this team carries out the goals made in the IFSP. The team meets once or twice in a week to work with the parents and the children. Martine has done a great job in helping her son who has a disability. From her experience, I have learned it is important to be keen on your child’s growth. After she had discovered her son had a disability, she went through the program that would enable her to help her son. She also involved her spouse in the process so that they would work as a team. The program has helped her to give the son an opportunity to be independent. She sets a good example for parents with children with

Answer 7 questions - each for at least half-page - 4 pages total, no Essay

Answer 7 questions - each for at least half-page - 4 pages total, no citations - Essay Example Islam is also depicted as fostering outright anti-Semitic behavior by exhibiting articulated anti-Christian and anti-Jewish bias. As such, Islam is depicted as fostering segregation of other world religions. The other stereotypes about Islam is that it promotes gender inequality and misogyny by rubber stamping female oppression in terms of spiritual status, social roles, and rights in Islamic marriage (Mazur 244). The other stereotype relates to the perception that Muslims believe in an angry God who sanctions suicide bombings and terrorism. Islam is also depicted as entrenching primitivism and societal limitations on its believers. Prophet Muhammad is regarded as the founder of Islam when he was ordered by God to divulge the holy Quran detailing directions and instructions that all Muslims should follow. Muhammad declined to be polytheist and opted to worship One God, the God of Abraham. When he was 40, Muhammad received the first of the numerous revelations when he was mediating in the cave of Hira. In the â€Å"Night of Power and Excellence,† Muhammad received a revelation from God through angel Gabriel in which he was commanded to â€Å"Recite.† In his response, Muhammad contended that he had nothing to recite, but the angel continued twice more leaving him bewildered and afraid. Later on, Muhammad acknowledged God as the â€Å"most Generous One.† In the revelations, Muhammad was commanded to express the Divine message as the last messenger of God. Muhammad confirmed the authentic teachings of prior prophets and rectifying innovations or mistakes of prior monotheistic faith traditions. The Vedas are regarded as constituting the earliest literary record of Indo-Aryan civilization and the most sacred. The Vedas detail the original scriptures of Hindu teachings and detail spiritual knowledge on all spheres of life. Vedas represents a large body of texts, which emanate from ancient India and that were created in Vedic

Recruitment and Selection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Recruitment and Selection - Essay Example To be able to fully benefit from the technology, network and database systems, and media technologies that can be used for interview, high-sped connectivity to the internet is advised and technical support staff are advised (Horwitz et al, 2006). Another key issue that is being focused in e-recruitment is the issue regarding security and fraud. Among the concerns regarding security is the accesses to applicants' information particularly contact details (E-recruitment, 2006). Though e-commerce and related online regulations have already addressed these issues, there are still some fears that information is being sold to third parties or used for other purposes either with or without the consent of e-recruiters (Nickel & Schaumburg, 2004). As e-recruitment also became more popular, recruitment frauds also became prevalent. Aside for standard anti-fraud regulation, most of the efforts to curb the activities have been initiated largely by legitimate e-recruiters (Grabner-Kruter & Kaluscha, 2003). E-recruitment has encouraged the flexibility of labor and has encouraged work migration. It has also been able to improve data basing and management employee information to support other human resource functions (Sridhar, 2005). Another key improvement it has been able to bring to the industry is in the enhancement of communications with prospective employees and hiring agencies. It has allowed real time coordination and management of information that has been effective in shortening and improving efficiency of the whole hiring process (Liu and Wang, 2006). On the part of applicants, it has in turn allowed to more options and access to jobs and companies respectively. The utilization of online applications has also significantly cut the cost of applying for jobs and communicating with perspective companies (Yoon Kin Tong & Sivanand). Development E-recruitment developed in conjunction with the trend of outsourcing of support services as part of down-sizing efforts in the late 1980's. However, e-recruitment has to wait a few more years before it came into the form we know today because of the lack of necessary technological capacity to support it. The first forms of e-recruitment involved either the posting of job vacancies in traditional media or coursing of applications to online addresses or by posting of jobs on online posting boards and coursing through snail mail or offices (Grabner-Kruter & Kaluscha, 2003). The eventual popularity of e-mails, increased capacity of the internet communications and higher computing capacity are the basis of e-recruitment industry as it is known today. E-recruitment models today have to develop the "capability of HR to facilitate the system and to view the staffing process as an end-to-end process" (Kerrin & Kettley, 2006) E-commerce E-recruitment is one of the success stories of e-commerce. The first models took the form of job postings that were part packaged with traditional recruitment outsourcing services. Improvement on the internet and database capacity eventually created the next model of e-recruitment that was an independent service. This model asked for employees to become members of the service by including their information into a database wherein they could view available jobs online (New E-recruitment

Art of Cooking Essay Example for Free

Art of Cooking Essay I have a passion for culinary art. My double culture, and family background was behind this love . I always thought that being half French , half Moroccan is a great mixture , but starting to cook approved it to me . I remember when I used to sneak in my mom’s kitchen, and play with the ingredients. It was a great time where I learned how to mix, and make new dishes by improvising new combinations. For example, I mixed flavors and textures that were usually never combined. Or even add new colors in my dishes that raise their beauty. I was not the only one fascinated by food. My dad a professional chef got me into the world of pastry, and Moroccan traditional food ex: â€Å"Tagine,† which is primarily used to slow-cook savory stews and vegetable dishes. Because the domed or cone-shaped lid of the tagine traps steam and returns the condensed liquid to the pot. Morocco is the culinary star of North Africa; it is the doorway between Europe and Africa. Much imperial and trade influence has been filtered, and blended into this culture. Moroccan cooking is characterized by rich spices that combine anywhere from 10 to 100 spices. French and Moroccan cooking cuisines have been subject to Berber, Moorish, Arab, and European influences. Most French dishes are known for their complex, and rich flavors, we love bread, and wines. Most of people tried some French recipes, or food without knowing that is even French. You may find them all over the world. Ex: * Crepes: a very flat pancake typically stuffed with fruit or cream. * Baguette: a long French bread loaf. * Chocolate mousse: this lighter than air dessert originated in France. * Eclair : a pastry stuffed with cream and topped with icing. * Creme Brulee : Custard topped with hard caramel. â€Å"One cannot think well, love well, and sleep well, if one has not dined well. †

The Effect of Gangs in the Community

The Effect of Gangs in the Community How to define a gang has always been a matter of controversy. The relationship of the gang to its local community and the salience of race have been at the heart of academic and popular differences on the nature of gangs., according to the Gang Research. In the current essay I would like to describe the effects of gangs in the community and the effects of community policing. These two issues are important and cause many problems in society. Nowadays, the effect of gangs in community is negative and annoys people. People are disturbed by the groups of people trying to harm the society. Modern society faces many different problems, including terrorism and gangsters. People unite and form groups of particular interests, forming the gang. Gang is a group of people engaged in banditry. Gangsters are the people in the criminal law that have committed one of the most dangerous crimes against the foundations of public administration and society, as described in Gangs and their effect on community.  Criminal laws of various states do not always provide special offense thuggery, but many countries are close to this type of crime compounds (burglary, various kinds of violent acts, etc.).   Banditry actions Often there are referred to banditry actions of the various armed rebel groups and wars. For example, the used phrases like Chechen bandits, gang Makhno, etc. Use of the term among the bandits against members of such groups was intended to provide them common criminals rather than political opponents. It is also necessary to  note that participants in such anti-government groups may, together with political objectives and goals pursue personal enrichment (through robberies, ransom for the hostages, etc.), as stated in Gang research. The gang often refers to organized street gangs controlling a territory or a hood (neighborhood).  Street gangs are probably the most famous Bloods, MS-13, and Crips from South Central Los Angeles.  Members of street gangs are black with large majorities, followed by Latinos and Slavs.  They come from poor neighborhoods in North America and Central America.  Bloods and Crips have been the subject of many Hollywood movies depicting the life of gangster in Los Angeles.  Colors, with Dennis Hopper and Sean Penn are one of the first of its kind.  Other fraternities such as motorcycle clubs like the Hells Angels and the criminal organizations (Sicilian Mafia, Chinese triads and Japanese yakuza) are often referred to as gangs.  The first gangs emerged in Los Angeles in the black ghettos and then in other major cities like New York and Chicago, but Toronto and Montreal in Canada, to name a few.  Community negatively perceives the existence of the gangs and tries to avoid the m. The majority think that this problem has to be more effectively controlled by the government, as stated in Gangs and their effect on community. Environment and gang activity Quite often in environments suffering socially and economically provide gang members (mostly youth) a sense of belonging and protection against other gangs. Through this ritual, the violent practices of dress codes, a code of honor   Often where the prospects of gainful employment are low, gangs provide illegal means of earning a living.  Such as trafficking in narcotics or stolen property, extortion, assault They are very diverse and different, and sometimes become targets of choice for some ideological and extreme beliefs, which influence and motivate them, as described in Gang research. Unfortunately, innocent people can get caught in the crosshairs, so all those who live in the community where a gang is present are in greater danger as a result of the affect of the gang on their society., according to the Gang Research. Gangs in New York In the U.S., the term gang used for a street gang, back in the 1860s formed such criminal organizations, such as the Irish Boodles in New York City.  Pushed by the waves of immigration increased the formation of ethnically based street gangs.  In these Big Five were called classic bands, the Irishmen organized in the Whyos, Hudson Dusters, or Gophers, Italians in the Five Points Gang and Eastern European Jews in the Eastman Gang.  After 1900, there were essentially only the Eastman and Five Points left, as described in Gangs in America.   Almost all of these Big Five were from politicians of the Tammany Hall secured; gangs such as the Eastman Gang and the Whyos offered illegal services for a price list.  However, the Mafia and the Camorra in New York City had come.  About the Black Hand Gang, the Unione Sicilian was undermined.  The over-controlled Italian voices were certainly of interest of Tammany Hall, as stated in Gang research.  Funded by the alcohol prohibition were formed out of the five clans today known as La Cosa Nostra American Mafia, also called the Five Families.  Accordingly, it came to the dissolution of traditional street gangs of New York City to 1920.  While this entry focuses gangs in the United States, gangs are a recognized feature of urban life in areas as diverse as Johannesburg, Rio de Janiero, Paris, and Hong Kong., according to the official data. Gangs in Los Angeles A hotbed of banditry in the U.S., the city of Los Angeles, California.  In particular, the district South Los Angeles is the most dangerous region of town.  Here you fight the Bloods and Crips, the 38th Street Gang, the 18th Street Gang, the Mara Salvatrucha, the mutually Florencia 13 and other gangs.  In addition, there are always conflicts between African Americans and Latinos, as stated in Gangs in America.  All these gangs lay claim to a particular territory and have their own distinctive mark, such as colors, clothing, tattoos, hand signs and graffiti.  Historically, returns the current path from Los Angeles to increasing conflicts between blacks and whites in the course of the 1940s.  At that time, many blacks moved to Los Angeles, but could find no ghettos in the then appropriate accommodation.  The attempt from the break ghetto and to purchase in other parts of the city housing, put the local white residents against strong segregation efforts, ranging in some ca ses up to the inclusion of racial restrictions in the land book and much of the city for non-whites out of reach made.  Only in the south and southwest, where the residential areas of the lower middle class were white, blacks still could not find housing, but also here met with the resistance, as stated in Effects of Gangs. Mid to late 1940s was against this background, black residents from the borders of the Central Avenue-ghettos terrorized by gangs of white youths as the Spookhunters. In return, were founded the first black gangs like the businessmen, Slauson or flips, which are often offered the only protection against racist attacks, but also constitute a cultural or social home, as described in Gang research. Mark Twain on Gangs In his 1884 classic Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain described the elaborate oath that the imaginative Tom Sawyer creates for members of his potential gang. Now well start this band of robbers and call it Tom Sawyers Gang. Everybody that wants to join has got to take an oath, and write his name in blood., as stated in the Chapter 2. In Huckleberry Finn. This shows the simple way of the creation of a gang, and the consequences can be much more complicated for both- the society and members of the gang. Todays members of the gang are criminals and they can not be distinguished in their actions from the other criminals. Community relation to Gangs Some people believe that the gangs have become a permanent feature of the urban landscape around the world, as described in Gang Research. Community strives to do anything possible to prevent gang crimes, to make the life safes and to create foundations that will be able to protect them. In the modern world cooperation and communication on the topic of gangs in extremely important, as today the number of crimes is very high and people feel less safe each day. Without the cooperation of the community and police it will be very difficult to protect the families and to live in safety. As a fact, an unsupervised lower-class peer group, with leadership, structure, and adherence to a local territory is formed in the society and make the living even more difficult and unforeseen, as described in Addressing Community Gang Problems. People are disturbed and nervous because of the gangs present in the cities, as these local groups are capable to do anything from the theft to murder. Scary stories about them and no clear changes of the government considering the gangs have not changes the situation for the better. The Effects of Community Policing The concept of community police officers (called Community Policing and Neighborhood Policing) is based on the assumption that an effective fight against crime and antisocial behavior requires close cooperation between the Police and members of the community.   Community Policing is both a philosophy and an organizational strategy that allows police and community residents to work closely together in new ways to solve the problems of crime, fear of crime, physical and social disorders, and neighborhood decay., as stated in The Effects of Community Policing and Technology on Index Crime Clearance Rates. Assumptions concept. The concept of community police patrols involves increasing the number of pedestrians  Police officers (and other similar services), they should be the members of the communities in which they work.  Building mutual trust and faith in the rule of law continues in through the establishment of direct contacts with the people-police should be open to citizens by showing patience, understanding and willingness to help, even if you entrusted to the problems have no direct connection with the violation of the law.  Conceptually, the police officer has to be more a sort of friend than a civil servant and representative government.  You can then count on the active participation of community members in efforts to combat crime.   The man goals of the community policing are: to bring community resources together to solve problems, decrease fear of crime, to listen to and address citizen concerns, to increase public confidence in the Police Department, to impact specific crime problems, and educate the public about its Police Department. Social scientists have differed on whether or not gangs necessarily exhibit criminal and delinquent activity. Some hold that gangs are fundamentally the product of delinquent subcultures; others believe gangs are a response to social disorganization. The United States National Youth Gang Center reports there are about 25,000 gangs in the United States, with nearly three quarters of a million members., according to the Gang Research. In the past, the view prevailed that the task of the Police is merely react-in a manner provided by law-the fact of the crime (the repressive function).  There was allowed only interference with pathology.  Today, there are beliefs that the role of police is not only to ensure safety, but also to concern for the quality of community life.  The first step should be here to determine the needs (problems) given community (for example, homelessness, importunate begging, alcohol abuse), and then preparing and implementing programs tailored to these specific needs.  It is desirable here also active as organizing talks drugs or encouraging young people to play sports. Community Policing (the police public service), and neighborhood policing (neighborhood) is a strategy and philosophy of policing based on the belief that the cooperation and support of the public can contribute to the control of crime.  The public can help identify what is suspicious and police have focused on existing problems.  The community ahs to become involved in the life of humanity, as there can be presented many crimes with the help of cooperation. Strategy When using the strategy of community policing officers and police departments, they are regarded as part of the public.  Cities and countries that have adopted this philosophy, directed more than traditional police departments to the concept of policing as a public service.  Community policing is usually more in the emphasis on walking patrol activity than that the police checked the place and also visited them in cars.  The basic idea is to build confidence and a sense of reciprocity between the police and the public.  This approach requires that the police were helpful, impartial and sensitive to the interests and concerns of others, and there is also known as a new form of police work. Although the police disagrees with the complainant (the developer), they should try to understand this problem.  The police would have to show empathy and participation, but not to be enrolled in the automatic way.  The police must also improve their planning, problem solving, organizati on, interpersonal communication, and most importantly in critical thinking, as described in Gangs, Gang membership, and comprehensive strategies.   A change in its police service to the public is how the police can identify what is truly high-quality service and how it subsequently provided to the public.  In the past, police always respond only to specific problems, and do so quite peculiar way and did not pay almost no attention to the proactive approach.  For this, the work of the police today is truly effective, and there is the need to:  take seriously the needs of the public, take into account the needs of police actions and programs, which are then focused on the public. It is in this sense that the police are becoming more receptive to public needs and can also better understand how their work has an impact on society.  It is said that this philosophy is created by Tom Potter, former police chief in Portland, Oregon, when a young policeman patrolling activities are performed.  Other legends were Sir Robert Peel, who came up with nine principles, on whom stands a modern police work. Community policing Community policing- are the social attitudes in a system of relationships between people, the rules of mutual behavior and dormitories, the applicable laws, customs and traditions, and moral norms.  Public order is a whole set of systems of social relations, which develops as a result of social norms: law, morality, norms of public organizations, non-legal norms of customs, traditions and rituals. Public order and public safety are the main objects of protection in the work of the interior.  The socio-legal categories, covering specific sphere of social relations, are characterized by a number of features that define the content of the activities of internal affairs for the protection (security) of these relations, as described in The Effects of Community Policing and Technology on Index Crime Clearance Rates.   First, public order and safety apply to all citizens without exception, and from birth until death.  Second, public order and public security tend to focus on elementary actions, deeds and rules of human behavior.  They occur openly and publicly, and usually they are understood by others.  Third, public order and safety are governed by the law as well as other social and technical norms (morality, customs, traditions, and even fashion).  Fourth, in the sphere of public order and safety annually there are made a huge number of offenses, the tens of millions.  And all offenders, and that much of the population, one way or another can be subjected to the forced exposure of the police.  Fifth, in the field of public order and safety there is circulation of objects and subjects of high risk: the acquisition, storage, use, transportation and civil service firearms, explosive and highly toxic substances, radioactive isotopes, etc. Therefore, licensing and permitting activities o f the Interior  exercising state supervision and control in this area, allows preventing and suppressing the violation of the rules and thereby minimizing the occurrence of serious implications, as a rule, in violation of relevant rules, standards and requirements.  Sixth, with the sphere in question that is closely connected with such dangerous anti-social phenomena as drug addiction, alcoholism, prostitution, vagrancy and begging. That is why, in some cities there are special units, the so-called morality police.  Seventh, in the sphere of public order and public safety are regularly held various mass public events with a large concentration of people in different rooms or in a limited area, which often poses a threat to life and health, the normal functioning of organizations.  These include political (rallies, marches, demonstrations), economic (picketing, hunger strikes), cultural and entertainment (festivals, concerts, days, cities), sports (Olympics, football and hock ey competitions), religious and other public events.  Their implementation requires a great deal of organizational work of the interior, bringing order to ensure order and security of considerable forces and means of the police and interior troops. Community policing is described as the state of social relations, which enforced the law and other legal rules, one of the components of the social order.  This is the state of the actual settlement of social relationships, qualitative expression of the rule of law.  In addition to compliance with the law enforcement in society, it is ensured by the customs, norms and morals, the internal rules of organization, etc. The rule of law is characterized by a level of legality in the state and the degree of realization of the rights and freedoms of citizens, as well as their performance of public authorities and duties conferred by law, as stated in The Effects of Community Policing and Technology on Index Crime Clearance Rates.   Solving the crimes in the local areas has always been challenging. When community policing is practiced in conjunction with some investigation variables, it has significant mixed (positive and negative) interaction effects on murder and robbery clearance rates., as described in The Effects of Community Policing and Technology on Index Crime Clearance Rates. Nowadays, technology has positive effects in investigation and in doing the corresponding research.   Positive interaction effect with community policing on different issues is beneficial for the society. Proper management of the situation and involvement of people who care about their safety is helping a lot, when the case is connected with the gangs. There is created a framework and the detection of crimes becomes more real and much quicker, and as well, this helsp to pertain to terrorism and national security Structure of Community policing Structure of the Community policing are the  legal organization of society (laws and legitimize their government agencies and non-state actors and citizens);  relationship and communication in society;  and certain (normative) order of these relationships and bonds (clear definition of the status of members of their subjective rights and legal duties, powers).   Community policing can be classified according to the territorial coverage (the rule of law in the state, city, etc.), as well as branches of law and legal coverage (constitutional, administrative, financial, etc.), according to U.S. Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented policing Services.   Classifications of the community policing: Symptoms: to allocate the following signs of enforcement:  Certainty.  Community policing is based on specific formal-legal regulations.  System: community policing is a system of relations based on a single essence of law, the prevailing form of ownership, the system of economic relations and provides a unified force of state power.  Organization: community policing occurs when there are organizing activities of the state, its bodies. State warranty: the existing rule of law is guaranteed by the state, protects them from violations.  Stability: arising under state law and ensures the rule of law is quite stable. Unity: based on common political and legal principles that will ensure the unity of the state and the rule of law, order for the whole country.  All these components are equally guaranteed by the state, any of the violations are considered violations and repressed by state coercion. It is obvious that the gangs affect the community in different ways, as it depends on where a person lives. According to the survey done by the  National Criminal Justice Reference Service, the specific results of a 2008 show that the gangs in the community cause: rise in violent crime and  drug  related arrests and rise in robbery and  homicide  cases, as described in Effects of Gangs. Considering these facts, there is a considering influence from the gangs on community, especially there is a negative effect, which leads to the increased crime and also to the higher risk for the people to get hurt. The gangs make people feel danger and insecurity in the community, as no one can protect people from the gangs if the measures are not taken. Conclusion All in all, it can be said that there are many issues that disturb the society and there is a considerable influence from the gangs. The effects of gangs in the community and the effects of community policing take place in the society, but there have to be taken more proper measures to ensure safety and living in comfort for the people. As a fact, the best way is to eliminate the groups of people who harm the society. Consequently, there has to be tighter cooperation between the community and police, there has to be developed the new of communication, etc. There have to be present the newest technologies that will allow police to take proper actions and to know everything in advance. Nowadays, the importance of the national security has become one of the main issues, as different circumstances lead people to committing different crimes, either in groups or individually. This problem has to be revised at the state level and its importance does not have to be underestimated under any c ircumstances.

Gaming Technology: Definitions

Gaming Technology: Definitions Games have been with humanity since the beginning. It is found that the different games that we play now are evolved from the games played in ancient days. Board game like Mancala was unearthed in the Sahara, Backgammon evolved from games such as Tabula and Nard talked about in ancient Roman scripts, and even in the Bible, Bicycle playing cards evolved form Tarot decks which was initially used to help predict the future. These games then turned into professional sports. Some of the games were even played for heavy money, some for competition and most of them were just for fun. With the introduction of computers, games entered a new era. The main reasons many people buying computers into their homes were games. Computer games became more popular and acceptable with introduction of best selling games such as Doom, Quake and Tomb Raider which had ultra-realistic 3D worlds. In late 90s and early 2000s, Multiplayer gaming became popular for playing games such as Ultima Online, Everquest, and Age of Empires 2. According Bidgoli (2004), by the end of 2003 over a billion people around the world will own a mobile phone and however in 2008 the number of mobile phone users worldwide soared to over 3.3 billion. With this statics games were available to be played in these devices. Mobile phones does not provide a rich and meaningful immersion on a tiny 100100 pixel screen (on average), theres one thing mobile phone benefits for playing games that they are always with you, and can be used anywhere you go. 3.2 TYPES OF MOBILE GAMES According to Fox and Verhosek (2002), the following incomplete list of mobile games genre can be produced. 1. Action games These types of games are usually played by adolescent males and involve fast reflexes. Moreover the graphics are as realistic as possible and the audio is usually rich and loud. Example of such action games include quake, missile command and pac man. 2. Combat games These types of games involve two characters playing against each other and trying to beat each other up. Example includes virtual fighter, street fighter and mortal kombat. 3. Adventure games These games require the player to discover the new worlds and play according to the plot of the game. Example includes zork, adventure island, Mario etc. 4. Puzzle games These kinds of games are usually played by audience of intelligence and cunning adults. The game requires players to use logic. Examples include tetris, Sudoku etc. 5. Strategy games These games also involve the player on thinking ahead and involves lots of pieces and possibilities. These games involve more tactics than long term strategy. Examples include warcraft, age of empire, empire earth etc. 6. Role playing games (RPG) These games are generally played by intelligent, male adolescents who read science fiction. The player has a role and the attributes changes over time and the degree of exploration. Examples include Diablo 3, Everquiest, Ultima online etc. 7. Trivia games These games are played to test the knowledge of the player. These are usually straightforward question-answer format. Examples include who wants to be a millionaire, quiz, buzzer etc 8. Word games These games involve the user to find out a word, based on some hints given. The more words the players know the better the player does. Examples include hangaroo, scrabble, hangman etc 9. Card games These games are played normally as the cards are played. The rules are the same as the rules in the physical cards game played. These may involve bluffing and betting. Examples include hearts, poker, spades, flush etc. 10. Games of chance These games are usually casino games where the game is based upon random result. Examples include roulette, slot machines etc. 11. Sports games These games involve games that we play as sports. Games such as football, basketball, hockey, cricket etc are the most famous sports 3.3 GAMING FEATURES AND TECHNOLOGIES SINGLEPLAYER Most mobile games are single player games where a user plays with an artificially intelligent opponent. The major success of single player games is interesting storylines, impressive graphics, and realistic non player characters and opponents. Some of the mobile games that run in single player mode are Tetris, Sudoku, and Fifa 09 etc. Most of these games can be played as multiplayer mode hence the user has a choice to make to play in single player mode or multiplayer mode. MULTIPLAYER A multiplayer game is a game which is played be several players. The players of a multiplayer game might be independent opponents, formed into teams or be just a single team. These kinds of games can be played in mobile phones as they are connected devices. Multiplayer functionality is achieved in mobile phones through connectivity such as: 1. Infrared connectivity 2. Bluetooth 3. GPRS 4. 3G 5. Wi-Fi 6. AI 7. MMS 8. Wireless LAN One of the main issues faced by multiplayer mobile games is latency. Most networks that exist now have latency at the minimum of 1-2 seconds, with averages more like 3-5 seconds. This stat hasnt stopped the developers on making multiplayer mobile games but teaches that the latency has to be considered with smart game design. These games include speedway and adrenalin which are both car racing games where players can play with other ghost cars. COMMU ITY Community games are a step further than the multiplayer games. In these types of games the players use their cell phones to access a community website where they can play games with many other players. The players may form a group or team and communicate with each other while playing the game. These games typically have limited graphical content and focuses on the interaction between a large number of participants. Monopoly world is one of the best known community mobile games where any player can play the game just for fun or wheel and deal real money. 3D GAMES While most of the consoles are taking the advantages of 3D technologies it is obvious that mobile can take advantage of the same rich environment. Hence a number of handsets having surprising capabilities can cope with this feature of new games. The mobile game developers can use java for 3D implementation since writing 3D is similar to writing 2D games. Java makes it easier with the introduction of M3G, the mobile 3D Graphics API. Some of the most popular 3D games that are available today are World Snooker 09 3D, 3D The Fast and The Furious etc. LOCATION BASED This kind of games uses localization technology like GPS. In most of the mobile games the games are played on mobile hardware where as in location based games the elements that matters is the location of the player and the coordinate and the movement of the player. The best example of location based mobile game is treasure hunt game called Geocaching. 3.4 LIMITATIONS OF MOBILE GAMES Mobile games are small in scope and often have many limitations. Some of the mobile games limitations listed by Marvin (2007) are as follows: Memory There are basic two types of constraints: the first covers the overall size of the application and the second is the memory space required in the memory for the application to run. Application Size Most of the mobile games are distributed to the end user by limiting the memory available. Some of the mobile phone games come on a memory card which limits the size of the application. There are many popular means of delivery such as installation Over-The-Air (OTA), where user selects a game to download on their mobile device from a list of mobile games. Even these games have limits (64 K or 128 K are typical) defined by the operators. Application Memory Space This is the memory space required when the application is running. More memory is required when the application is running than the actual application file this is due to the storage of objects at runtime, graphics storage etc. Processors Games are one among the mobile applications that uses most processor time. The calculations needed for the game takes a lot of processor cycles to perform the calculations. Mobile device manufacturers rarely state the processing power of the mobile chips but however they are much lower than those of a PC. Networking Mobile games use a spontaneous network rather than planned and are often used to fill spare moments resulting in short game sessions. These spontaneous are unreliable in cases the connectivity is lost or deliberately disconnected. For mobile devices even the network available has high latency which is the amount of time it takes to respond. The latency for a mobile network can be as high as few seconds which is too long for majority of fast action multiplayer games. TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access TDMA stands for Time division multiple access. It is mainly a channel access method that is used for shared medium networks as well as a digital transmission technology that allows its users to access a single radio-frequency channels without any interference . and it allocates to its users unique time slots within each channel.TDMA is the widespread type of service that is used in North America.Mainly .TDMA is used in 2G cellular system(GSM,PDC,IDEN,IS-136,DECT) . In this case a single channel is divided into six time slots and each signal is using two time slots . To make the transmission possible each caller is assigned a specific time slot. TDMA offers high performance with respect to capacity, courage and mobility.TDMA mainly transmit data in a buffer-and-burst method and the transmission of any user is non- continuous. TDMA Frame Structure In TDMA frame structure a data stream divided into frames and those frames divided into time slots. and we explain the concept of TDMA frame structure with the help of an example:- In this case there is the TDMA frame shown which use seven set of frequencies that are sufficient to cover the large area that provides the maximum distance d that is larger than twice the maximum radius r , the radius that is being covered by each transmitter.and the length of each time slots that are generated from the frequency channels is 0.577ms and these 8 slots make a TDMA frame of length 4.615ms. There are main three burst present in the TDMA:- Normal Burst(NB) Frequency Correction Burst(FB) Synchronization Burst(SB) Access Burst(AB) Normal Burst:- The transmission of the data during the single time slot is known as a burst.and the guard time that is used to prevent the burst suffering from the overlapping is 8.25 bits. In the Normal Burst there are four types of bits as given below:- Tail Bits :- In the diagram of TDMA there is 3 bits at both of the two ends , in which there is no transmission of the data.At the beginning the the bit is used to rise up the power upto its peak during the transmission and the end it is used to down the power used at the end of the transmission. Data Bit:- Around the training bits there are two data bits each of 57 bits. Stealing Flags :- These are the flags around the training bits that are of length 1 bit and it is used to indicate that whether the burst is being used for voice or the data (set to 0)or whenever it is used for signalling (set to 1 ). Training Sequence :- In the training bits a method is being used to overcome the problem of multi-path fading and the other propagation effects .and in this 26 bits are used. Frequency Correction Burst:- FCB is mainly an unmodulated carrier which then after shift in frequency . The guard time used in the FCB is same as that of the normal bit . It is used for frequency synchronization of the mobile stations. Synchronization Burst:- The time synchronization of the mobile is possible with the help of synchronization burst .The payload used in this carries the FDMA frame number (FN) and Base Station Identity Code (BSIC). and the broadcasting in this case is with the frequency correction burst.and also broadcasting occurs on the synchronization channel. Access Burst:- Firstly the guard burst used in this very longer as compared to the normal burst , so it is 68.25bits . The mobile stations use this type of the burst for random access. It also helps to measure the unknown distance of any mobile station from the tower , when the MS wants to access to the new BTS. Features of TDMA In case of TDMA a single carrier frequency is shared among several users. and each user use the time slots. The time slots used by the users depends on several factors such as modulation techniques and the available bandwidth. Data Transmission in the case of the users of TDMA is not continuous but it occurs in bursts which results in low use of the battery consumption because the subscriber is turned off , when it is not in the use. The Handoff process is much simpler in the case of TDMA because of its discontinuity and it is able to listen to the other base stations during its idle slot time. The Transmission rates are very high in the case of TDMA as compared to the FDMA because of the Adaptive Equalization which is necessary in the case of TDMA. The guard time present in the case of TDMA should be minimum. The main advantage of TDMA is that it is very cost-effective technology which is used for upgrading a current analog system to digital. In this the battery used is of extended life and the talk time , since the mobile is only transmitting the portion of the time of the time during conversations. TDMA technology is used to separate users in time and ensure that there will not be any interference which is presented from any other simultaneous transmissions. Disadvantages of TDMA The main disadvantages of TDMA are given as below:- The main disadvantage of the TDMA is that each user that is used in the TDMA has a predefined time slot that is defined by the system and if the users roaming from one cell to another cell or from one place to any other place and are not alloted a time slot or if all the time slot available for the user are already occupied , then the user will not receive any call. The another main disadvantage of TDMA systems is interference that is created by it at a frequency which is directly connected to the time slot length.In this case or problem with the TDMA is the multiple distortion , so whenever the signal coming from one place or tower to another tower, then there are many buildings that create problem in the signal for arriving at the destination because of the interference. Efficient time schedule that is possible in the case of TDMA but it is not always easy to find it. Clock synchronization needed. Whenever there is the case of dynamic status changes of nodes on the scheduling is also handled by it. The channel utilization in the case of TDMA is very low as compared to CSMA during low contention. TDMA in Mobile Phone Systems 2G Systems:- Many 2G Systems are based on the TDMA.So we can say the TDMA as TDMA cellular systems which include the main examples of the TDMA cellular systems are GSM, IS-95, D-AMPS, PDC,iDEN and PHS. As in the case of GSM it combines the TDMA with frequency hopping and the wideband transmission , so as to minimize the interference .So in the case of GSM system,base station send the timing commands which is then helpful in the synchronization of the mobile phones which are helpful in easier transmission and decide the time .There is the guard interval in the case of GSM.There is the RACH in GSM. Whenever the mobile is in the next base ststion , then the call arrived sucessfully without any delay.and if the mobile is located beyond the 35 km range in GSM, then the RACH used in this will arrive in the time slot that is in the neighboring.So there is no special technique to limit the range of the GSM cell to 35 km .So to overcome this problem , the synchronization is changed between th e uplink and downlink in the base station. 3G Systems:- 3G system use the combination of both CDMA and TDMA . So it take the advantage of both the techniques.The most popular 3G systems are UMTS which use CDMA rather then TDMA, and in TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA , the TDMA is combined with CDMA and TDD. Comparison Between GSM,TDMA and CDMA TDMA Firstly we all know that the TDMA become a technology of the past.In the case of TDMA the data is compressed in to packets within its same bandwidth.Some important things about the TDMA are given as below:- It act as a bridge between the analog and the digital technologies which led to the development of the GSM and iDEN. iDEN:- It is a Integrated Digital Enhanced Network and it is similar to as that of the GSM technology and it is operating at 800 MHz,1900MHz and 1.5 GHz in the US. It is used to handle the CDMA and GSM technology.It can handle three users per channel and for the purpose of more capacity and demand , it is require the use of more towers which is costly. The Data capacity in the case of TDMA is is around the 56 kbps. GSM GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication uses a narrow band modification of TDMA. GSM can handle up to eight users per channel. GSM mainly operates on 1900MHz. GSM is incapable of the reliable data speeds which requires the alternate technologies. GSM is more widespread around the world CDMA CDMA stand s for Code Division Multiple Access which is a technology that sent as a constant flow across larger bandwidth instead of sending a signal into packets and sent on cycles, CDMA transmissions. CDMA can handle ten users per channel, but it require more frequency to provide service. In the US, CDMA uses the standard 800MHz and 1900MHz. The data capacity in the CDMA,is fastest, which is equal to the 144 kbps. Should GMO Crops be Banned? Should GMO Crops be Banned? Genetically Modified Organism (GMOs) are works or creature that have their DNA test consolidated with DNA from the germ, infections, or different plants and creatures keeping in mind the remainder goal too. GMOs are initially used to upgrade general change to dietary substance. The GMO crop has raised worries over their own advantageous in that they are impervious to illnesses, produces more prominent yields, and it enhances the sustenance of nourishments devising the general population ignorant about their holding. Each time we go to any supermarkets or grocery stores, we would not know whether the vegetables and natural products are genetically modified. GMO crops should not be banned as GM substances can be extremely nourishing and can have a much bigger yield than un-adjusted harvests. This is especially helpful in spots like Africa where there isnt great soil to develop the important products to manage themselves. GM nourishments can also withstand colder climates and droughts. Their development time is additionally less in GM subsistence. Developing countries can also sell the crops produced in order to help them in financial trouble. Hereditarily altered nourishments are gainful to nature, well-being, and are more solid than typical plants. By designing the BT poison in the genomes of plants, researchers have diminished the requirement for pesticides. The BT poison is just dangerous to the creepy crawlies that eat it. Likewise, its innocuous to people. This is superior to utilizing customary pesticides since its objective particular, and it influences the bugs that eat underlying foundations of plants and in addition those that tunnel in the plant tissues. Those bugs were beforehand unaffected in light of the fact that pesticides are connected to the plant remotely. Then again, numerous individuals trust that genetically altered sustenance is hurtful to the body. Hereditarily adjusted item is the after-effect of a long biochemical research and item improvement. In spite of the fact that researchers are creating organic chemistry for the lessening of destructive things in the item, regardless, this item conveys a hazardous substance for the body. These unsafe substances consequently prompt to various gastric infections and issues with the skin. This nourishment can likewise prompt to genuine infringement of the bodys digestion system, which prompts to a standout amongst the most unsafe issues of humankind weight. As indicated by measurement of an American researcher, many individuals have stoutness, as a result of eating GM nourishment. In addition, due to the truth that GM merchandise can reason serious fitness troubles people have commenced searching for new methods to replace such dangerous food. A main UN/World Bank-sponsored file compiled with the aid of 400 scientists and endorsed through 58 international locations concluded that GM crops have little to provide world agriculture and the challenges of poverty, hunger, and climate change because better selections are available. In particular, the record championed agro-ecological farming as the sustainable way forward for creating countries. This is one of the ways, which ought to be realized in many countries, according to researchers at Michigan University. Also, agriculture region is working to enhance new methods of farming, which can replace GM food. As I would see it, I think GMO products should be banned as the young era of individuals will have distinctive infections of eating these GMO sustenances. Clearly, these days developing GMO crops has turned into a colossal industry that it cant be stopped however, I accept there are different approaches to spare individuals from hunger. Sources: http://www.mapsofworld.com/infographics/poll/should-genetically-modified-foods-be-banned-text.html http://www.eatingwell.com/food_news_origins/food_news/should_the_us_ban_genetically_modified_organisms_gmos https://www.loc.gov/law/help/restrictions-on-gmos/usa.php http://www.geneticallymodifiedfoods.co.uk/fact-sheet-pros-vs-cons.html http://healthresearchfunding.org/pros-cons-genetically-modified-foods/ https://laurenmarieee.wordpress.com/2015/04/17/persuasive-essay/ http://www.fouryearsincollege.com/sample-essay-genetically-modified-foods-good-or-bad http://www.shareyouressays.com/104888/short-essay-on-genetically-modified-crop

My Best Friend :: essays research papers

Walt Whitman was an American poet, who was born in 1819 and died in 1892 whose work boldly asserts the worth of the individual and the oneness of all humanity. Whitman's defiant break with traditional poetic concerns and style exerted a major influence on American thought and literature. Born near Huntington, New York, Whitman was the second of a family of nine children. His father was a carpenter. The poet had a particularly close relationship with his mother. When Whitman was four years old, his family moved to Brooklyn, New York, where he attended public school for six years before being apprenticed to a printer. Two years later he went to New York City to work in printing shops. He returned to Long Island in 1835 and taught in country schools. In 1838 and 1839 Whitman edited a newspaper, the Long-Islander, in Huntington. When he became bored with the job, he went back to New York City to work as a printer and journalist. There he enjoyed the theater, the opera, and-always an omn ivorous reader the libraries. Whitman wrote poems and stories for popular magazines and made political speeches, for which Tammany Hall Democrats rewarded him with the editorship of various short-lived newspapers. For two years Whitman edited the influential Brooklyn Eagle, but he lost his position for supporting the Free-Soil party. After a brief sojourn in New Orleans, Louisiana, he returned to Brooklyn, where he tried to start a Free-Soil newspaper. After several years spent at various jobs, including building houses, Whitman began writing a new kind of poetry and thereafter neglected business. My Best Friend My best friend has gone away. He left this world, left me behind. Such sorrow, such pain-- hurts so much to think of him. My sorrow's too great to be eased by tears--tears for the one whom I've loved so dearly. Never again shall he lay beside me, listening as I play the piano. Never again will he roam the backyard or give me comfort when I am in need. When he left, it so seems that part of me has left with him. Every night I cannot slepp. I always find myself outside. I watch the stars as they glow brightly, knowing he is watching over me. He's gone to rest. He is at peace. Yet why did he leave when I needed him the most? As a teen, life's hard for me.

How to cheat on your spouse :: essays research papers

How To Cheat On Your Spouse "Oh the weather outside is frightful, but your thighs are so delightful. She has no place to go, let her blow, let her blow, let her blow." I caught a bit of the holiday spirit on the way to the mall and began humming the Christmas song while driving down the highway. Somewhere along the way I changed the words a bit and laughed. Don't I wish! I mean, my secretary was a cutie, and yes, she would have made an excellent partner in the sack. But there was a little problem: I was married with three children, and the little woman at home frowned upon marital transgressions. I know that for a fact, because it wasn't all that long ago that she caught me in the act. That was not a pretty scene. After some time and counseling, we mended fences, but I got the ultimatum: even flirting with another woman was cause for her to give me the pink slip, kissing her, my kids, our house and most of our bank account, goodbye. I took those words to heart, and have been a model husband for more than half a decade. Then there are guys like Artie, a manager in the Accounting Department at the company where I'm employed. On the outside he's a pleasant enough guy in his early 30s with a wife and two lovely children. Behind the scenes, though, he's a wolf. A certifiable louse. He's strayed more times than a barnyard cat, and somehow has never been caught. I thought of this while driving to the mall, and given my past history, decided to ask him how he does it. I didn't think he would answer, but it wouldn't hurt to ask. So I did. Much to my surprise, Artie was agreeable, and over a few beers at our local Irish pub, we spoke about the ins and outs, so to speak, of cheating on one's spouse. What follows are his frank answers to my probing questions. Q: We've talked in the past about some of your, well, dalliances, and I wondered if you could answer a few questions, anonymously, of course. A: Ask away! Q: Do you love your wife? A: Of course. She's a darling, the mother of my children, and a great friend too. Q: Then why...? A: (Interrupting) Why do I, uh, stray?

Sales Tools

This is a report to understand the role of personal selling within the overall marketing strategy such as Promotion mix: personal and impersonal communication; objectives of promotional activity, push-pull strategies; integrating sales with other promotional activities; evaluating promotion; allocation of promotion budget and Understanding buyer behaviour: consumer and organisational purchase decision-making. And also this report involved the role of the sales team: definition and role of personal selling; types of selling; characteristics and have link with LEVI’S case study.After reading this report reader could understand to how to apply the principles of the selling process to a product or service such as customer-oriented approach; objective setting; preparation and rehearsal; opening remarks; techniques and personal presentation; need for identification and stimulation; presentation; product demonstration and use of visual aids; handling and pre-empting objections; techn iques and proposals for negotiation; buying signals; closing techniques; post sale follow-up; record keeping; customer relationship marketing (CRM)And also reader could be able to understand the role and objectives of sales management such as, Controlling sales output: purpose and role of the sales budget; performance standards: performance against targets (financial, volume, call-rate, conversion, pioneering); appraisals; self-development plans; customer care.Reader also will have Be able to understand how to plan sales activity for a product or service in ways such sales settings: sales channels (retailers, wholesalers, distributors, agents multi-channel and online retailers); importance of market segmentation: business-to-business (BTB) selling; industrial selling; selling to public authorities; selling for resale; telesales; selling services; pioneering; systems selling; selling to project teams or groups international selling: role of agents and distributors; sources, selection and appointment of agents/distributors; agency contracts; training and motivating agents/distributors; use of expatriate versus local sales personnel; role, duties and characteristics of the export sales team; coping in different cultural environments;the role of ICT in communicating with an international sales team Exhibitions and trade fairs: role, types and locations of trade fairs and exhibitions; how trade fairs and exhibitions fit in with corporate strategy and objectives; setting objectives for participation in an exhibition; audience profile and measurement; qualification and follow-up of exhibition leads; evaluation of exhibition attendance; setting budgets; financial assistance or exhibition attendance etc.. to a certain extend.Table of Content Personal selling, promotion mix, buyer behaviour and the decision making process in different situations ,role of sales teams within marketing strategy Role of sales teams within marketing strategy ow sales strategies are developed in line with corporate objectives Importance of recruitment and selection procedure Role of motivation, remuneration and training in sales management Sales plan for a levi’s male cap Conclusion Bibliography Personal selling, promotion mix, buyer behaviour and the decision making process in different situations ,role of sales teams within marketing strategy Personal selling is a promotional method in which one party (e. g. , salesperson) uses skills and techniques for building personal relationships with another party (e. g. , those involved in a purchase decision) that results in both parties obtaining value.In most cases the â€Å"value† for the salesperson is realized through the financial rewards of the sale while the customer’s â€Å"value† is realized from the benefits obtained by consuming the product. However, getting a customer to purchase a product is not always the objective of personal selling. For instance, selling may be used for the purpose of simply delivering information. Marketers have at their disposal four major methods of promotion. Taken together these comprise the promotion mix. Those four promotion methods are 1. Advertising 2. Sales Promotion 3. Public Relations 4. Personal Selling So, Personal selling comes under promotional mix. That means personal selling is a part of promotional mix.In LEVI’S case also LEVI’S company might definitely use promotional mix and they can improve the promotional mix by improving personal selling that both aspects have a positive relationship. Buyer behaviour consists of activities/process followed in making any buying decision of goods as well as a service. In LEVI’S case buyer behaviour would be 1. Type One: Traditionalist – probably over 45; buys from department stores; buys polyester suits and trousers; shops with his wife. 2. Type Two: Classic Independent – a real ‘clothes horse’; 21% of the market but buys 46% of wool blend suits; shops at independent stores; has expensive tastes. 3. Type Three: Utilitarian – wears jeans for work and leisure; 26% of the market; a Levis loyalist. 4.Type Four: Trendy Casual – buys ‘designer’ high fashion labels; might buy 501’s but usually considers Levi’s too mass market; 19% of the market. 5. Type Five: Price Shopper – buys the lowest price product wherever they may be; no potential for Levi; 14% of the market. There are five types of buyer behaviours and they have different types of decision making in different situation. One thing needs to be highlighted here is that consumer behaviour does not end with purchase of goods or service, but also post purchase activities are included in consumer decision making. The below image shows the different type of buyer behaviour. Role of sales teams within marketing strategy Marketing Strategy is something that helps companies achieves Marketing objectives.Marketing objectives help achieve corporate objectives and corporate objectives aim to achieve a competitive advantage over rival organizations. Firstly, a Managing Director or senior management team, or executive board of directors (who ever is in charge) decides on overall corporate objectives. One corporate objective might be to increase sales by some percentage. In order to achieve this percentage sales team always work towards that. So the role of sales team would be work to corporate objective goals and marketing strategies. LEVI’S case study team have adopted to the marketing strategies and LEVI’S ‘ marketing team responded to this information by deciding to focus on jackets and trousers only for the launch and let suits ‘slipstream’.The Director of Consumer Marketing stated: ‘The thing that is going to overcome Levi’s image for casual only apparel is a suit made by Levi that doesn’t look like anything else we have ever made. Once that gets on the r acks people will put an asterisk on the image that says Oh, they can also make a good suit when they put their mind to it’. So sales responded according to the marketing strategies ‘Soon after this decision, salesmen started contacting retail buyers. After 4 months of selling to the trade it was clear sales targets for the range would not be met.A subsequent price reduction failed to redeem the situation and Tailored Classics achieved only 65% of its sales targets. so role of sales team would be always adopted to mass marketing strategy. ’ ow sales strategies are developed in line with corporate objectives Whenever a person wanted to develop sales strategies he/she should always should develop in line with corporate objectives, so, he/she should keep these below mentioned tips before they make sales strategies. Do you have the time and resources necessary to interact? Can you competitively position yourself to overpower the competitor? Do you have sufficient uniq ue selling points to change the rules and do you have time to accomplish this? Do you have access to the key decision makers to do this? Can you sufficiently quantify your unique selling points to prevent price pressure?Can you neutralize the competitor's strengths? Do you have the capacity to deliver? What would it take to make this a viable opportunity? Importance of recruitment and selection procedure The recruitment is a process of finding and hiring the best-qualified candidate (from within or outside of an organization) for a job opening, in a timely and cost effective manner. The recruitment process includes analysing the requirements of a job, attracting employees to that job, screening and selecting applicants, hiring, and integrating the new employee to the organization. Importance of the recruitment are listed below * Recruitment is the process which links the employers with the employees.Increase the pool of job candidates at minimum cost. * Help increase the success rat e of selection process by decreasing number of visibly under qualified or overqualified job applicants. * Help reduce the probability that job applicants once recruited and selected will leave the organization only after a short period of time. * Meet the organizations legal and social obligations regarding the composition of its workforce. Begin identifying and preparing potential job applicants who will be appropriate candidates. * Increase organization and individual effectiveness of various recruiting techniques and sources for all types of job applicantsRole of motivation, remuneration and training in sales management Motivation means Internal and external factors that stimulate desire and energy in people to be continually interested and committed to a job, role or subject, or to make an effort to attain a goal. Motivation results from the interaction of both conscious and unconscious factors such as the * Intensity of desire or need, * Incentive or reward value of the goal, a nd * Expectations of the individual and of his or her peers. These factors are the reasons one has for behaving a certain way. Role of motivation in sales management is motivate sales people towards bringing business to the organization. The most widely recognised method of attracting and retaining marketing employees is through remuneration packages.This is because a good emuneration package can have a positive effect on a person's standard of living. Remuneration refers to money or substitutes for money. This may include wages, salaries, commissions and bonuses, incentive plans and allowances. The total value of all these items is called a remuneration package. Sales plan for a levi’s male cap A sales plan LEVI’S cap is basically should be a strategic and tactical plan for achieving market because of the higher price objectives. It should be a step-by-step and detailed process that will show how you will acquire new business for LEVI’S caps; and how you will g ain more business from the existing customer base.It involves making and/or exceeding our sales quota within our sales territory how to penetrate to international business. Here are the steps to help you develop a sales plan for LEVI’S male caps: 1. Segment the target audience – The first step is to clearly identify the target markets. Who are more likely to buy LEVI’S caps. The more defined the target market, the better. Target market can be defined as high-income men ages 30-60 who loves to buy the latest electronic gadgets. If the target market is done, the next step is to prioritize the target market to ensure that resources are directed towards your key target market. Prospects are more likely to purchase if LEVI’S can talk features of male cap. 2.Cap industry – Current trends in industry, and how the business fares with these trends. LEVI’S must look at the range of similar products now available, and compare how the product stacks up to competitor products. Take a bigger picture of the industry and find out prospects. 3. Develop sales strategies – LEVI’S sales strategies must include determining how LEVI’S can reach the sales quota, how can get more sales from existing customers, and how can raise awareness in the marketplace and community about your business. Your sales strategies also involve making a decision on who is actually going to do the selling. Will you do it skills to do it? how to improve confidence and presentation skill etc†¦ 4. Think through sales plan.This is the meat of the sales plan. LEVI’S need to write down the sales strategies based on the analysis you’ve done of your business and what you can do. Will you attend trade shows or do cold calling? Will they use search engine advertising or other forms of online advertising? How they going to reach exactly to target audience? It is important that LEVI’S break down the sales strategies into quantif iable activities . 5. Measure and improve. A sales plan is not something that LEVI’S create and then hide inside the drawer. Should follow the activities and tasks outlined in sales plan. All the planning in the world is worthless if they cannot or do not implement any of it.Keep track of how they are performing vis-à  -vis sales target.. Conclusion This report have explained the role of personal selling within the overall marketing strategy such as Promotion mix: personal and impersonal communication; objectives of promotional activity, push-pull strategies; integrating sales with other promotional activities; evaluating promotion; allocation of promotion budget and Understanding buyer behaviour: consumer and organisational purchase decision-making. And also this report involved the role of the sales team: definition and role of personal selling; types of selling; characteristics and have link with LEVI’S case study.Report also explained how to plan sales activity fo r LEVI’S male caps in ways such sales settings: sales channels (retailers, wholesalers, distributors, agents multi-channel and online retailers); importance of market segmentation: business-to-business (BTB) selling; industrial selling; selling to public authorities; selling for resale; telesales; selling services; pioneering; systems selling; selling to project teams or groups international selling: role of agents and distributors; sources, selection and appointment of agents/distributors; agency contracts; training and motivating agents/distributors; use of expatriate versus local sales personnel; role, duties and characteristics of the export sales team; coping in different cultural environments; the role of ICT in communicating with an international sales team Exhibitions and trade fairs: role, types and locations of trade fairs and exhibitions; how trade fairs and exhibitions fit in with corporate strategy and objectives; setting objectives for participation in an exhibi tion; audience profile and measurement; qualification and follow-up of exhibition leads; evaluation of exhibition attendance; setting budgets; financial assistance or exhibition attendance etc..